Three Scenarios Essay Example for Free

Three Scenarios Essay In a particular art industry there are clients that insist to the company to use artworks even though the company does not have the license to use the designs requested by the customers. The client’s demands that the images concerned are to be used. This is about work ethics on copyright issues; theoretically the company is not accountable for the content of the standard design, it is the client’s responsibility. In such situations and argument that would occur between the client and the company it is best to discuss the meaning of copyright because not all people have the idea about copyright. Other employees can walk away from the job but as an employee with work ethics the problem should be solved in a manner that no harm will happen for the company and the client. Misunderstanding about certain facts and issues are sometimes just the root of losing ethics in the industry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As an employee of a certain company you have a long term client, wherein the client’s business is so familiar to the company, one day the the client has approached the employee and ask if he could render service on them using the experience that the employee has gained from they company wherein he is presently working this is an option for the employee if e will accept the offer. But this is a representation for such conflict of interest that would affect the company that has trained and trusted the employee, this will affect the company and it should have preparations if such things happen o its employee.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An employee comes to work always late until such time that it was noticed by the human resource officer and warn the employee that if he continue such work ethics he will be receiving a warning for dismissal, but it was again repeated by the employee and after that he received a letter of termination from the company. This is a wrong ethics from the employer for they had violated the rule they have given for every employee. Each employee has equal right to be given fair treatment for such codes or rules implemented by the company.

Quantitative Determination of Sulphate

Quantitative Determination of Sulphate Quantitative Determination of Sulphate by Gravimetric Analysis Yeo Yi Joshua Gravimetric analysis is a quantitative method to determine the amount of a substance, sulphate, by selective precipitation of the substance from an aqueous solution. In this experiment, the amount of sulphate is determined quantitatively as barium sulphate, BaSO4 by gravimetric analysis. This experiment will allow one to determine the amount of sulphate SO42- by the gravimetric method. This determination is done by slowly adding a dilute solution of barium chloride, BaCl2 to a hot unknown sulphate slightly acidified with concentrated HCl. The reaction is as followed, Ba2+ + SO42- → BaSO4 (white precipitate). The white precipitate is then filtered off, washed with water, dried in the oven, and weighed as barium sulphate. The percentage of sulphate is then calculated from the weight of barium sulphate. According to the results, the concentration of SO42- we obtained was 0.0345M and 3.31 g/L, which was close to the theoretical value of 3.38 g/L, at only a deviation of 2.11%. The experiment was successful and the results obtained were desirable. The objective of the experiment is to determine the amount of sulphate by the gravimetric method. In this experiment, the precipitation gravimetric method is used. The unknown sulfate solution is converted into an insoluble white compound, BaSO4. It is then filtered by suction filtration, washed, dried and weighed to determine the amount of sulphate. The following diagram shows the outline of the experiment. 3.1 Gravimetric Analysis Gravimetric analysis is defined as the quantitative analysis of the chemical composition of substances of materials based on the separation of each component of interest and weighting either the purified compound or a derivative of it. Gravimetric analysis include precipitation, volatilisation and electro-analytical methods. The precipitation method involves converting the analyte to a sparingly soluble precipitate which is then filtered, washed free of impurities and converted to a compound of known composition by suitable heat treatment which can be weighed. The volatilisation method involves volatilising the analyte of its decomposition products at suitable temperature. The product is then collected and weighed or alternatively determined indirectly from the loss in mass of the sample. The electro-analytical method involves the depositing electrically the element to be estimated on a suitable electrode, avoiding filtration and decomposition, by controlling the experimental conditions. This is based on Faraday’s Second Law, i.e. when a given current is passed in series through the solution containing various ions, the amount of substances that is deposited will be in the ratio of their chemical equivalent. In this experiment, the quantitative determination of sulfate, as barium sulfate BaSO4, is done by the precipitation method of gravimetric analysis. This involves precipitation by slowly adding a dilute solution of barium chloride, BaCl2, to a hot unknown sulfate solution slightly acidified with concentrated hydrochloric acid, HCl. The white precipitate is filtered off, washed with water, dried in the oven, and weighed as barium sulfate. The percentage of sulfate is then calculated from the weight of barium sulfate, this include the molarity and concentration of sulfate, SO42-, in g/L. 3.2 Reaction In the experiment, dilute barium chloride is added to an unknown sulfate solution slightly acidified with concentration HCl. Reaction: Ba2+ + SO42- → BaSO4 (precipitate) The mole ratio of SO42- : BaSO4 is 1:1. Thus, for every 1 mole of SO42-, there will be 1 mole of BaSO4. Since Moles of Solute (mol) = Molarity (M) x Volume (L) and Moles of Solute (mol) = Weight (g) à · Molar Mass (g/mol), the molarity of SO42- can be easily obtained with the volume of SO42- weight of BaSO4 and molar mass of BaSO4. 3.3 Precipitation 3.3.1 Conditions of Precipitation Precipitating agent should be mixed slowly and with constant agitation. This keeps the degree of supersaturation small and will help in the formation of crystalline precipitate. Precipitation should be carried out in dilute solution. Precipitation should be carried out in hot solution, provided the precipitate is stable at higher temperature. Crystalline precipitate should be digested for a longer time. Precipitates should be preferable washed with dilution solution of appropriate electrolyte. Washing with water is avoided as it leads to peptisation. Precipitates that are contaminated by co-precipitation or others are dissolved in a suitable solvent and then reprecipitated from the solution. 3.3.2 Properties of Precipitates Precipitate should be of sufficiently low solubility such that no sufficient loss of the solid occurs during filtration and washing Physical nature of the precipitate should be such that it can be readily separated by filtration and be washed free of soluble impurities i.e. particles should be size such that they cannot pass through the filtering media and particle size is unaffected by washing Precipitate should be stable and unreactive to atmospheric conditions Precipitate must be convertible to a pure compound of definite and known chemical composition. This may be possible by either ignition or by simple operation such as evaporation. 3.3.3 Particle Size of Precipitates The particle size of a precipitate is influenced by precipitate solubility, temperature, reactant concentrations, and the rate at which reactants are mixed. The net effect of these variables can be qualitatively accounted for by assuming that the particle size is related to a single property of the system called relative supersaturation. Q is the concentration of the solute at any instance and S is the equilibrium solubility. This equation is known at the Von Weimarn equation in recognition of the scientist who proposed it in 1925. The particle size of a precipitate varies inversely with the average relative supersaturation during the time when the reagent is being introduced. Thus, when the relative supersaturation is large, the precipitate tends to be colloidal, and when the relative supersaturation is small, a crystalline solid is more likely. A colloid consists of solid particles with diameters that are less than 10-4 cm. 3.3.4 Mechanism of Precipitation A supersaturated solution is an unstable solution that contains a higher solute concentration than a precipitated solution. As excess solution precipitates with time, supersaturation decrease to zero. Precipitates form by nucleation and by particle growth. Nucleation is a process in which a minimum number of atoms, ions, or molecules join together to give a stable solid. These nuclei form on the surface of the suspended solid contaminants, such as dust particles. Further precipitation then is governed by the competition between additional nucleation and growth of existing nuclei (particle growth). Adsorption is a process in which a substance (gas, liquid or solid is held on the surface of a solid. In contrast, absorption is retention of a substance within the pores of a solid. The charge on a colloidal particle formed in a gravimetric analysis is determined by the charge of the lattice ion that is in excess when the precipitation is complete. Digestion is a process in which a precipitate is heated in the solution which is was formed (the mother liquor) and allowed to stand in contact with the solution. Mother liquor is the solution from which a precipitate was formed. Digestion improves the purity and filterability of both colloidal and crystalline precipitates. 4.1 Outline 4.1 Precipitation of BaSO4 4.2 Washing and Filtering BaSO4 Precipitate 4.3 Drying and Weighing BaSO4 Precipitate 5.1 Weights Weight of crucible with the precipitate = 17.7473g Weight of crucible (with a piece of filter paper) = 17.5462g à ¯Ã‚ Ã…“ Weight of BaSO4 precipitate = Weight of crucible with the precipitate Weight of crucible (with a piece of filter paper) = 17.7473g 17.5462g = 0.2011 g 5.2 Molarity and Concentration Ba2+ + SO42- → BaSO4 (precipitate) (Mol Weight BaSO4 = 233.33 g/mol) à ¯Ã‚ Ã…“ Molarity of SO42- = 0.0344747 M = 0.0345 M à ¯Ã‚ Ã…“ Concentration of SO42- in g/L = Molarity of SO42- x Mol wt of SO42- = 3.313026 g/L = 3.31 g/L 6.1 Theoretical Values [SO42-] = 0.0352 M = 0.0334 – 0.0376 M (5% deviation) = 3.38 g/L = 3.21 – 3.55 g/L (5% deviation) 6.2 Comparison of Results The concentration of SO42- we obtained was 0.0345M and 3.31 g/L, which was within the 5% deviation range of 3.21 – 3.55 g/L. It was relatively close to the theoretical value of 3.38 g/L, at only a deviation of 2.11%. The results above show that the experiment was successful as the actual value was close to the theoretical value. 6.3 Precautions Taken To obtain the best results, BaSO4 crystals should be as large as possible. This facilitates filtration and washing of the crystals and the decreased surface area minimizes the amount of impurities adsorbed onto the crystals. Generally, larger crystals are obtained when the rate of precipitation is lower. The rate of precipitation can be decreased by slightly increasing the solubility of BaSO4. To minimise the rate of precipitation, the following were done: Adding 5 drops of concentrated HCl. Adding HCl increases the solubility by lowering the pH. The solubility of BaSO4 at room temperature is around 0.3-0.4 mg per 100 g of water and increases when excessive amount of mineral acid is present. Additionally, precipitation should be done in an acidic medium as when done in neutral and basic mediums, Ba2+ ions precipitate with PO43-, CO32- or OH ions which are present in the solution. Addition of excess acid is avoided. Heating to boiling. Adding BaCl2 dropwise with vigorous stirring. At the end of the precipitation, a few drops of BaCl2 was added to the clear supernatant liquid to test for complete precipitation. After precipitation, suction filtration was performed. Suction filtration allows a higher rate of filtration by using a pressure gradient created by the aspirator. The precipitate was washed with deionised water and dried in the oven. It was then placed in a desiccator. The function of a desiccator is to remove moisture from a substance or to protect a substance from moisture, thus preventing water from the humidity in the environment to react with the substance. 6.4 Sources of Error 6.4.1 Coprecipitation Coprecipitation is a process in which normally soluble compounds are carried out of solution by a precipitate. There are four types of Coprecipitation: surface adsorption, mixed-crystal formation, occlusion and mechanical entrapment. Surface adsorption and mixed-crystal formation are equilibrium processes, and occlusion and mechanical entrapment arise from the kinetics of crystal growth. Coprecipitation impurities may cause either negative or positive errors in an analysis. If the contaminant is not a compound of the ion being determined, a positive error will always result. In contrast, when the contaminant does contain the ion being determined, either positive or negative errors may occur. 6.4.2 Surface Adsorption Adsorption is often the major source of contamination in coagulated colloids (large specific surface areas) but of no significance in crystalline precipitates. Although adsorption does occur in crystalline solids, its effect on purity are usually undetectable because of the relatively small specific surface area. Coagulation of a colloid does not significantly decrease the amount of adsorption because the coagulated solid still contains large internal surface areas that remain exposed to the solvent. The coprecipitated contaminant on the coagulated colloid consists of the lattice ion originally absorbed on the surface before coagulation plus the counter-ion of opposite charge held in the film of solution immediately adjacent to the particle. The net effect of surface adsorption is the carrying down of an otherwise soluble compound as a surface contaminant. 6.4.3 Mixed-Crystal Formation In mixed-crystal formation, which is also known as inclusion, one of the ions in the crystal lattice of a solid is replaced by an ion of another element. For this to occur, the two ions must have the same charge and their sizes must differ by no more than 5%. Furthermore, the two salts must belong to the same crystal class. The extent of mixed-crystal contamination is governed by the law of mass action and increases as the ratio of contaminant to analyte concentration increases. Little can be done about it when certain combinations of ions are present in a sample matrix. This problem occurs with both colloidal suspensions and crystalline precipitates. When this occurs, the interfering ion may have to be separated before the final precipitation step. Alternatively, a different precipitating reagent that does not give mixed crystals with the ions in question may be used. 6.4.4 Occlusion and Mechanical Entrapment When a crystal is growing rapidly during precipitate formation, foreign ions in the counter-ion layer may become trapped, or occluded, within the growing crystal. Because supersaturation and thus growth rate decreases as precipitation progresses, the amount of occluded material is greatest in that part of a crystal that forms first. Mechanical entrapment occurs when crystals lie close together during growth. Several crystals grow together and in so doing trap a portion of the solution in a tiny pocket. Both occlusion and mechanical entrapment are at a minimum when the rate of precipitation formation is low, under conditions of low supersaturation. In addition, digestion often reduces the effects of these types of coprecipitation. The rapid dissolving and reprecipitation that occur at the elevated temperature of digestion open up the pockets and allow the impurities to escape into the solution. 6.4.5 Peptisation Peptisation is the process by which a coagulated colloid reverts to its original dispersed state. When a coagulated colloid is washed, some of the electrolyte responsible for its coagulation is leached from the internal liquid in contact with the solid particles. Removal of this electrolyte has the effect of increasing the volume of the counter-ion layer. The repulsive forces responsible for the original colloidal state are then re-established, and particles detach themselves from the coagulated mass. The washings become cloudy as the freshly dispersed particles pass through the filter. Washing is needed to minimised contamination but there is a risk of losses resulting from peptisation if pure water is used. This is usually solved by washing the precipitate with a solution containing an electrolyte that volatilises when the precipitate is dried or ignited. 6.4.6. Postprecipitation Post precipitation occurs when the top of the precipitate, which is in contact with the mother liquor is contaminated by precipitation of impurities. This may be due to the primary adsorption of the common ion in excess, whereby the supersaturated solution of the second material is formed on the surface of the particle which offers nucleation sites to break supersaturation and causes a secondary precipitate to form. 6.5 Improvements 6.5.1 Minimising Adsorbed Impurities on Colloids The purity of many coagulated colloids is improved by digestion. Digestion is a process in which a precipitate is heated in the solution which is was formed (the mother liquor) and allowed to stand in contact with the solution. During digestion, water is expelled from the solid to give a denser mass that has a smaller specific surface area for adsorption. Washing a coagulated colloid with a solution containing a volatile electrolyte is also helpful because any non-volatile electrolyte added earlier to cause coagulation is displaced by the volatile species. Washing generally does not remove much of the primarily adsorbed ions because the attraction between these ions and the surface of the solid is too strong. Exchange occurs, however, between existing counter-ions and ions in the wash liquid. 6.5.2 Reprecipitation An effective way to minimise the effects of adsorption is reprecipitation. Reprecipitation adds substantially to the time required for an analysis. In this process, the filtered solid is redissolved and reprecipitated. The first precipitate carries down a fraction of the contaminant present in the original solvent. Thus, the solution containing the redissolved precipitate has a significantly lower contaminant concentration than the original, and even less adsorption occurs during the second precipitation. 6.5.3 Precipitation from Homogenous Solution Precipitation from homogenous solution is a technique in which a precipitating agent is generated in a solution of the analyte by a slow chemical reaction. Local reagent excesses do not occur because the precipitating agent appears gradually and homogenously throughout the solution and reacts immediately with the analyte. Thus, relative supersaturation is kept low during the entire precipitation and homogenously formed precipitates are better suited for analysis. This results in marked increase in crystal size as well as improvements in purity. In a nutshell, the experiment was a success and the results obtained were desirable. According to the results, the concentration of SO42- we obtained was 0.0345M and 3.31 g/L, which was close to the theoretical value of 3.38 g/L, at only a deviation of 2.11%. Although there may have been various possible sources of error, we have minimised them by lowering the rate of precipitation. The amount of sulfate was successfully determined by gravimetric analysis. A. V. Kasture , H. N. More, K. R. Mahadik , S. G. Wadodkar. 2008. Pharmaceutical Analysis Vol. – I. Pragati Books Pvt. Ltd. Braun, R.D. 1982, Introduction to chemical analysis, McGraw-Hill, New York. Cammack, R. 2006, Oxford dictionary of biochemistry and molecular biology, Oxford University Press Oxford, Oxford Erdey, L., Belcher, R. Gordon, L. 2013, Gravimetric Analysis : International Series of Monographs in Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 7, Pergamon, Burlington. Skoog, D.A. 2014, Fundamentals of analytical chemistry, Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning, Australia. Davidson College Chemistry Resources. Gravimetric Analysis [online]. Available from: http://www.chm.davidson.edu/ronutt/che115/ VIII_gravi.pdf [Accessed 20 December 2014] Middle East Technical University. Gravimetric Determination of Sulfate in a Soluble Sample [online]. Available from: http://www.metu.edu.tr/~chem223/sulfate.pdf [Accessed 20 December 2014] Santa Monica College. Gravimetric Analysis [online]. Available from: http://www.smc.edu/projects/28/Chemistry_11_Experiments/Gravimetric_Analysis_Procedure.pdf [Accessed 20 December 2014] Texas AM University. Gravimetric Analysis [online]. Available from: https://www.chem.tamu.edu/class/majors/tutorialnotefiles/gravimetric.htm [Accessed 20 December 2014]

Theodore Roosevelt and Progressivism :: American America History

Theodore Roosevelt and Progressivism Despite the criticism of their reform efforts, Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson's commitment to and success in achieving national reform made them successful progressive presidents. There hasn't yet been a presidency that didn't receive criticism, with or without justification. Roosevelt in particular, received a lot of praise and criticism for his successes and failures. Overall, however, both Roosevelt and Wilson acknowledged and were committed to bringing about changes during their presidencies. They were both good presidents for the Progressive Era. President Roosevelt was deeply criticized during his presidency. Robert La Follette, the Republican leader of Progressivism before Roosevelt, was one of Roosevelt's biggest critics. In his Autobiography: A personal narrative of political experiences, he talks about Roosevelt's reform policies, particularly his position on the Anti-Trust Law and his trust strategy in general, and how he didn't solve the problems, but only increased the growth of monopolies and the power of business (Doc E). There were also many political cartoons published which criticized Roosevelt's policies. One in particular pictures Roosevelt singing loudly his Progressive fallacies, with La Follette sulking in the background (Doc G). There was justification to criticize Roosevelt. Although he was infamous for his "square deal," taking on trusts, he busted only about half as many trusts in twice as much time as President Taft later did. The cases he did take on were high profile, and he was noisy about them. Also , he may have only fought trusts because he thought it would be riskier to ignore them. Woodrow Wilson also had policies that were controversial, and the extent of his progressivism can be questioned. Wilson's progressive attitude didn't extent to many areas. For example, he didn't reform the way government corruption occurred. He would even encourage this by giving his friends rewards and punishing his enemies. He operated on a minimal spoils system. He was also quite racist. His reform policies didn't extend to African-Americans. He appointed many Southern racists to his cabinet and was strongly opposed to black suffrage. He considered enfranchisement an evil. Wilson also didn't want to reform social injustices. Offering no support for the ratification a suffrage movement, Wilson preferred state action for women's suffrage. Child labor was another issue he considered a state matter. Reform was something Wilson only considered on certain issues. Despite questions of motive and success, Roosevelt can be considered a successful progressive president and reformer.

Emily Dickinsons Because I Could Not Stop for Death Essay -- Because

Emily Dickinson's Because I Could Not Stop for Death Emily Dickinson’s â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death† is a remarkable masterpiece that exercises thought between the known and the unknown. In Dickinson’s poem, â€Å"Because I could not stop Death,† there is much impression in the tone, in symbols and in the use of imagery that over flow with creativity. One might undoubtedly agree to an eerie, haunting, if not frightening, tone and use of symbolism in Dickinson’s poem. Dickinson uses controlling adjectives –â€Å"slowly† and â€Å"passed† – to create a tone that seems rather placid. For example, â€Å"We slowly drove –He knew no Haste / †¦We passed the School †¦ / We passed the Setting Sun† (5,9,11,12), sets a slow, quiet, and clam atmosphere. The tone in Dickinson’s poem puts readers’ ideas on a track towards a boggling atmosphere. Dickinson’s poem lives on complex ideas that are evoked through symbols, which carry her readers through her poem. Besides the literal significance of –the â€Å"School,† â€Å"Gazing Grain,† â€Å"Setting Sun,† and the â€Å"Ring† –much is gathered to complete the poem’s central idea. Dickinson brought to light the mysteriousness of the life cycle. The cycle of one’s life, as symbolized by Dickinson, has three stages and then a final stage of eternity. â€Å"Schools, where children strove† (9) may represent childhood; â€Å"Fields of Gazing Grain† (11), maturity; and â€Å"Setting Sun† (12) old age. In addition to these three stages, the final stage of eternity was symbolized in the last two lines of the poem, the â€Å"Horses Heads† (23), leading â€Å"towards Eternity† (24). Dickinson thought about the life cycle in terms of figurative symbols. Dickinson describes the scene such that mental pictures of sight, feeling, and sound com... ...ld not stop for Death," will leave many readers talking for years to come. This poem then, puts on immortality through an act of mere creativity. Indeed, creativity was captured at all angles in this striking piece. Bibliography Dickinson, Emily. "Because I could not stop for Death." The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. Ed. Michael Meyer. 4th ed. Boston: Bedford-St. Martin’s, 1997. 642-643. Greenaway, Kate. "Ring-a-ring-a-roses." The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes. Ed. Iona and Peter Opie. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1951. 365. Greenberg, John M. "Dickinson’s Because I could not stop for Death." Explicator. v49n4. Summer 1991. 218. Monteiro, George. "Dickinson’s Because I could not stop for Death." Explicator. v46n3. Spring 1998. 20, 21. Shaw, Mary N. "Dickinson’s Because I could not stop for Death." Explicator. v50n1. Fall 1991. 21.

Dream or Scream - Original Writing :: Papers

Dream or Scream - Original Writing The hottest day of the summer so far was drawing to a close a drowsy silence lay over the small houses in Forest Gate. Cars that were usually gleaming stood dusty in their and lawns, deprived of their usual car washes. The inhabitants of forest gate lay in their houses in the shade, windows thrown wide open in the hope of getting a non-existent breeze. I awoke suddenly full of adrenaline, I rose in my bed so fast that I did not see the wall above me, my head hit the wall so hard that it was like I was hit with a hammer over the head. A few seconds later I got up with my face all screwed up in my hands, where I had hit my head on the wall hard. I slowly opened my eyes then walked over to the mirror, where I looked inside thinking of why I had woken so early, eager for that day to come; I had waited a whole century for this moment to come. I turned left and looked desperately out of my window. It was like the day was painted all over again, the grass in my backyard sun-bleached with brightness. Whilst I stood there gazing out of the window engaged in deep thought of why my enthusiasm grew within me. As I looked down to the laminated floorboards that were growing lighter as the sky outside grew paler it had just then hit me that I was going to India for the first time in my life. It was that second that I had reacted and straight away I began to floss my teeth, brush them, and then I jumped into the shower. Around ten minutes later I ran down eagerly to see if anyone was awake, all of a sudden I came to a halt as though being pushed back aggressively, at the sight of what I was seeing, in the room opposite the bottom of the stairs (leading from the third floor to the second), my insides burned with flaming fire.

Py 270 Appendix D

University of Phoenix Material Appendix D Psychological and Psychophysiological Stress Disorders Respond to the following: 1. Stress can be the root cause of psychological disorders. Name four symptoms shared by acute and posttraumatic stress disorders. 1) There can be re-experiencing events such as dreams. 2) Avoiding special circumstances where an event can remind the person of the event. 3) Losing interest in things that were once pleasurable. 4) Trouble sleeping and increased anxiety. 2.What life events are most likely to trigger a stress disorder? Any events that are considered stressors like every day happenings can trigger stress disorders. Events such as death, rape, assault, abuse can be triggers for a stress disorder. 3. Traumatic events do not always result in a diagnosable psychological disorder. What factors determine how a person may be affected by one such event? A persons tolerance to stress depends on genetic and biological factors. The brain can actually be changed by traumatic events.Certain personality characteristics make a person more prone to a psychological disorders. 4. What are the four stages in meeting the psychological needs of disaster victims? a. Psychological debriefing and/or medical care immediately following trauma. b. Therapy to aid in ending stress reactions. c. Therapy to help gain perspective on traumatic event. d. Therapy and assistance to enable individual to return to normal levels of functioning after trauma. 5. What is the link between personality styles and heart disease?There is a link between personality styles and heart disease. There are two basic personality types, type A and type B. Type A personalities tend to be more aggressive, angry more often, very driven, and impatient. Studies show a correlation between coronary heart disease and type A personalities. 6. List and briefly describe four psychological treatments for physical disorders. 1) Insight therapy and support groups- particularly if the ailment is de pression or panic disorders.This form of treatment will help the patient to process information and talk to others about coping mechanisms. 2) Cognitive interventions-patients learn to rid themselves of negative thoughts about the pain they are experiencing to keep their mind off of it. 3) Hypnosis-puts patients in a relaxed sleeplike state. The hypnotist talk positively about what the patient is experiencing and almost reverses the way of thinking about the pain. 4) Meditation-helps patients to go into a relaxed state and release stress.

Life of Pi Essay

Richard Parker and the other animals? In the realistic story Pi encounters a number of challenging, horrific, and life altering events. In the ‘better story, Pi tells how Richard Parker attacks and eats humans, has no morals and is very savage. But once the realistic story is told, it is understood that Richard Parker and Pi are one in the same, and it is really Pi who committed the crimes that he faults on Richard Parker in the first story. Richard Parker acts as an escape for Pi through allowing him to mask his sins, forget negative emotions, and overlook his immoral actions.While on a lifeboat for an astounding 227 days Pi commits many sins. While being a devote Christian, Muslim, and Hindu these sins would not be tolerated under any form of desperation within these religions. Pi creates Richard Parker to mask his barbaric actions. In the second story after only a couple weeks at sea Pi and the Chef stole food without Pip's mother knowing, Mayo selfish monster! ‘ screa med Mother. The only reason we're running out of food is because you're gorging yourself on it! ‘ ‘He had some to,' he said, nodding my way' (Marten 340).Pi was so hungry that when the Chef offered him a ration he ate it without thinking of the consequences. It was very selfish on his part and regret did not hit him until he saw his mother's disappointment. After the Chef kills his mother, Pi takes the next open opportunity to kill him, â€Å"Then we fought and I killed him† (Marten 344). Murder is not accepted under any of Pip's religious beliefs but is also against the law in many countries. Pi contradicted his religious beliefs, the one thing that molded his character until the shipwreck. Pi becomes cannibalistic once he kills the Chef, â€Å"I ate his liver. T off great pieces of his flesh† (Marten 345). At this point in the second story Pi is thirsty, starving and now alone, he loses complete touch with his compassion becoming very primal. Being an hon est and noble boy Pi would not able to live with himself without an outlet after committing such sins. Pi creates Richard parker as a figurehead to escape and take blame for his primitive moments. Richard Parker, as Pi describes him, is violent, impulsive and much like Pi in his immoral moments on the lifeboat. In the second story Pi becomes brutal and primitive.Once he reaches land Pi does not want to acknowledge such negative and embarrassing behavior. This is his motive for the ‘better story' where Richard Parker exemplifies all these negative traits instead of Pi. Pi loses a turtle, which results in the Chef getting angry and killing Pip's mother, â€Å"We were starving. I was weak. I couldn't hold on to a turtle. Because of me we lost it. † (Marten 343). Pi blames himself for his mothers death. Although the blood was not literally on his hands he feels he is the directly responsible for his mothers' death.Pi becomes very anger and hurt when the Chef kills his mothe r: â€Å"He killed her. The cook killed my mother'(Marten 343). Pip's mother was the last member of his family. It is understood Pip's father and brother died in the shipwreck, and now his mother is also dead. For the first time ever Pi is truly alone and without guidance, he continues to lose touch with his humanity. Pi becomes ruthless and violent after killing the chef, â€Å"His heart was a struggle- all those tubes that connected it. I managed to get it out. It tasted delicious, far better than a turtle. † (Marten 345).The story becomes graphic and gruesome, but gives perfect depiction Of Pip's desperation and how far he has strayed from his morals. These traits that Pi displays are not his true character. These traits arise because of his desperation and he is under extreme conditions. It makes sense for Pi to create Richard Parker as a scapegoat, he is ashamed of what he has become and never thought he could possess such immoral traits. Throughout the second story Pi loses his sense of morality. A young Chinese man with a broken leg is a passenger on the lifeboat. His leg becomes infected and theChef convinces Pi and his mother to help amputate it, â€Å"I can still hear his evil whisper. He would do the job to save the sailor's life he said, but we would have to hold him†(Maritime 338). Amputating was against Pip's morals, and he was well aware it would ultimately kill the sailor. As a result of the amputation the sailor died a painful and horrible death. Pi becomes selfish, primitive and purely survival driven. While aboard the lifeboat Pi is forced to dismiss his vegetarianism, â€Å"It came easier to me. Found hunger improved the taste of everything. â€Å"(Marten 343).The reader would think being a devote vegetarian his entire life would make him want to resist the urge to eat meat. Pi is so hungry and so he is pushed to refute his ethics that he has lived with his entire life. The reader wonders, how strong Pip's moral compass is with disowning his vegetarian ways so easily. The Chef is brutish and violent, although Pi still accepts him, and sees him as a friend. Richard Parker is an easy passage in Pip's mission to escape his sinful actions. Richard Parker allows Pi an outlet to immoral and unethical behavior that would not be tolerated in Pip's natural world.But we couldn't ignore him entirely. He was a brute, but a practical brute. He was good with his hands and he knew the sea. He was full Of good ideas. He was the one who thought Of building a raft to help with fishing. If we survived any time at all, it was thanks to him. (Marten 342) Even after butchering the sailor and eating all their rations, Pi accepts the Chefs help even though his methods go against his morals. Under the pressure of the sea Pi quickly and easily dismisses his morals, strays from humanity and becomes annalistic.Richard Parker acts as a perfect guarded, the typical tiger possesses the traits and emotions Pi wants to avoid. Richard Parker acts as an escape for Pi through allowing him to mask his sins, forget negative emotions, and overlook his immoral actions. Pi see's himself before the ship wreck as a holy, positive and honest being, but quickly dismisses all his morals in the light of survival. He becomes primitive, immoral and very annalistic. Pi uses Richard Parker to represent his instinctive mind and serve as an escape from the horrific level of savagery he sank to on the lifeboat. Pi creates Richard Parker as a coping method. Life of Pi Essay The second event was when; Piecing had to tame Richard Parker, the Bengal tiger that he was stuck on the lifeboat with, in order to have even the dimmest hope of survival until being rescued. Lastly Pi had to surpass many psychological barriers that his life was shaped around and had to defy his religions. He had to eat meat and fish to keep alive. Overall, these events are just a minor glimpse of what Pi Patella, a sixteen year old boy, faced and how he coped with the obstacles that were thrown at him. Pip's entire journey resulted in him experiencing death over ND over again starting with the death of his family.Losing ones parents is always a traumatic event, but losing one's parents at a young age can cause serious mental devastation. When Pi is stranded alone on the lifeboat, he maintained hope that his parents and brother survived the sinking ship; they were alive and that they will rescue him shortly. However Pi lost more hope everyday as each day went by; until he finally acc epted that his parents and brother died on the sinking ship and that they would never come back. They were dead; could no longer deny it. What a thing to acknowledge in your heart!TO lose a brother is to lose someone with whom you can share the experience of growing old, who is supposed to bring you a sister-in-law and nieces and nephews, creatures to people the tree of your life and give it new branches. To lose your father is to lose the one who's guidance and help you seek; who supports you like a tree trunk supports its branches. To lose your mother, well, that is like losing the sun above you. I lay down on the tarpaulin and spent the whole night weeping and grieving, my face buried in my arms. (Page 141) In the quote above, Pi has finally accepted the death of his family and is grieving for his loss.Pi explains his pain vividly by describing the anguish he is currently suffering and the misery he potentially will suffer in the future from the death of each member of his family . â€Å"As the life span progresses and the individual reaches adulthood, the psychological and interpersonal consequences of this disturbance may manifest in long-term mental health problems,† (Nickering). This quote clarifies that the loss of Pip's family could possibly cause severe â€Å"devastation† to his mental and psychological health as he grows older.Even though this might have been one of the most difficult things Pi had to face, his troubles did not end there; they had only begun, especially with a man-eating tiger on the same lifeboat as him. Now most humans cannot even stand near a perfectly tamed tiger, the fear would consume us and the self-preservation instinct would cause us to flee. Piecing Patella was trapped on a small lifeboat with a man eating Bengal tiger named Richard Parker. Pi did his best to maintain distance from the tiger; even building a small individual raft that he attached to the lifeboat where the tiger could not reach him.Nonetheless, he knew he would have to eventually tame the tiger so he could reach the supplies in the life boat and prolong his survival till he could be rescued. I had to tame him. It was at that moment that I realized this necessity. It was not a question of him or me, but of him and me. We were, literally and figuratively on the same boat. We would live – or we would die – together. He might be killed in an accident, or he COOL_SLD die shortly of natural causes, but it would be foolish to count on such an eventuality.Most likely the worst would happen: the simple passage of time, n which his animal toughness would easily outlast my human frailty. (Page 1 81 ) This quote demonstrates that Pi eventually came to an understanding that it was not just about him or the tiger; it was about both of them. If he was going to survive long enough to be rescued he would have to tame Richard Parker. In terms of symbolism that Yawn Marvel used, Pi would have to face and prevail over his probl ems. Here tiger represents the troubles and fears that one has to overcome in life and the lifeboat represents life itself.Through the symbolism we can see that by overcoming his fears and robbers Pi is becoming more confident, mature and in turn mentally strengthened. Richard Parker made his point with me four times. Four times he struck at me with his right paw and sent me overboard, and four times lost my shield. I was terrified before, during and after each attack, and I spent a long time shivering with fear on the raft. Eventually I learned to read the signal he was ending me. I found that his ears, his whiskers, his tale, his teeth and his throat, he spoke a simple, forcefully punctuated language that told me what his next move might be. Earned to back down before he lifted his paw in the air. (page 229) Again from this quote from the novel we can determine that Pi has matured and is examining key details that would help him tame the tiger. Only someone with a clear and mental ly strong approach could identify such tiny details and use them to their advantage. Overall the Pip's experience of taming a man eating Bengal tiger and overcoming his fears, not only made his survival on the life boat a little easier, but it made him mentally stronger as well. With today's modern technology, life boats are equipped with GAPS trackers so Orvis's can be easily and rapidly rescued.On the other hand, Pip's story took place before many of these technological inventions existed. He survived on that life boat for 227 days straight and one of his biggest concerns was food. Pip's life boat did have supplies of food, but they were nowhere even near to what was essential to survive all that time out at sea. Pi knew, that in order to persist he would have to possibly eat meat and fish. Put the hatchet down. I would break its neck, sight unseen, I decided. I wrapped the fish tightly in a blanket. With both hands started bending it.The more I pressed, the more the fish struggle d. I imagined whit it would feel like if I were wrapped in a blanket and someone were trying to break my neck. Was appalled. I gave up a number of times. Yet I knew it had to be done and the longer waited, the longer the fish's suffering would go on. (Page 202-203) The quote above explains how Pi had trouble killing the fish and eating it. He could not get over the emotional and psychological issues with killing and eating the fish, even though he knew if he was going to survive, he would eventually have to do it.On top of his own feelings and emotions, Pi followed Hinduism which clearly states that killing and eating another living creature is a sin. This does not apply to honoring the remnants of ambassador or sanctified food first offered to Lord Krishna and then eaten by the spiritual preceptors who mercifully leaves some for their devotees which is then glorified by them smash ambassador. Madhya means unsanctioned foods due to not having been consecrated by first offering it to the Supreme Lord and thus impure. Partaking of foods in tama guan such as meat, fish, fowl, eggs, wine, alcohol, etc. Reeds dark insistence and great ignorance. Baghdad Gait, Chapter 1 7, verses 8, 9, and 10) This is a passage from the sacred holy scripture of Hinduism, the Baghdad Gait. Pi had read almost all of the holy scriptures of all the religions he followed and obeyed most of what they preached. Since the Baghdad Gait said it was against the religion's beliefs to eat meat, it caused a serious moral dilemma within him. In the end he had to eat both fish and meat in order to us;eve. By doing so he was once again scarred for life, which caused further mental devastation. Though Pi suffered al these traumatic events, he survived and was eventually rescued. Life of Pi Essay Richard Parker and the other animals? In the realistic story Pi encounters a number of challenging, horrific, and life altering events. In the ‘better story, Pi tells how Richard Parker attacks and eats humans, has no morals and is very savage. But once the realistic story is told, it is understood that Richard Parker and Pi are one in the same, and it is really Pi who committed the crimes that he faults on Richard Parker in the first story. Richard Parker acts as an escape for Pi through allowing him to mask his sins, forget negative emotions, and overlook his immoral actions.While on a lifeboat for an astounding 227 days Pi commits many sins. While being a devote Christian, Muslim, and Hindu these sins would not be tolerated under any form of desperation within these religions. Pi creates Richard Parker to mask his barbaric actions. In the second story after only a couple weeks at sea Pi and the Chef stole food without Pip's mother knowing, Mayo selfish monster! ‘ screa med Mother. The only reason we're running out of food is because you're gorging yourself on it! ‘ ‘He had some to,' he said, nodding my way' (Marten 340).Pi was so hungry that when the Chef offered him a ration he ate it without thinking of the consequences. It was very selfish on his part and regret did not hit him until he saw his mother's disappointment. After the Chef kills his mother, Pi takes the next open opportunity to kill him, â€Å"Then we fought and I killed him† (Marten 344). Murder is not accepted under any of Pip's religious beliefs but is also against the law in many countries. Pi contradicted his religious beliefs, the one thing that molded his character until the shipwreck. Pi becomes cannibalistic once he kills the Chef, â€Å"I ate his liver. T off great pieces of his flesh† (Marten 345). At this point in the second story Pi is thirsty, starving and now alone, he loses complete touch with his compassion becoming very primal. Being an hon est and noble boy Pi would not able to live with himself without an outlet after committing such sins. Pi creates Richard parker as a figurehead to escape and take blame for his primitive moments. Richard Parker, as Pi describes him, is violent, impulsive and much like Pi in his immoral moments on the lifeboat. In the second story Pi becomes brutal and primitive.Once he reaches land Pi does not want to acknowledge such negative and embarrassing behavior. This is his motive for the ‘better story' where Richard Parker exemplifies all these negative traits instead of Pi. Pi loses a turtle, which results in the Chef getting angry and killing Pip's mother, â€Å"We were starving. I was weak. I couldn't hold on to a turtle. Because of me we lost it. † (Marten 343). Pi blames himself for his mothers death. Although the blood was not literally on his hands he feels he is the directly responsible for his mothers' death.Pi becomes very anger and hurt when the Chef kills his mothe r: â€Å"He killed her. The cook killed my mother'(Marten 343). Pip's mother was the last member of his family. It is understood Pip's father and brother died in the shipwreck, and now his mother is also dead. For the first time ever Pi is truly alone and without guidance, he continues to lose touch with his humanity. Pi becomes ruthless and violent after killing the chef, â€Å"His heart was a struggle- all those tubes that connected it. I managed to get it out. It tasted delicious, far better than a turtle. † (Marten 345).The story becomes graphic and gruesome, but gives perfect depiction Of Pip's desperation and how far he has strayed from his morals. These traits that Pi displays are not his true character. These traits arise because of his desperation and he is under extreme conditions. It makes sense for Pi to create Richard Parker as a scapegoat, he is ashamed of what he has become and never thought he could possess such immoral traits. Throughout the second story Pi loses his sense of morality. A young Chinese man with a broken leg is a passenger on the lifeboat. His leg becomes infected and theChef convinces Pi and his mother to help amputate it, â€Å"I can still hear his evil whisper. He would do the job to save the sailor's life he said, but we would have to hold him†(Maritime 338). Amputating was against Pip's morals, and he was well aware it would ultimately kill the sailor. As a result of the amputation the sailor died a painful and horrible death. Pi becomes selfish, primitive and purely survival driven. While aboard the lifeboat Pi is forced to dismiss his vegetarianism, â€Å"It came easier to me. Found hunger improved the taste of everything. â€Å"(Marten 343).The reader would think being a devote vegetarian his entire life would make him want to resist the urge to eat meat. Pi is so hungry and so he is pushed to refute his ethics that he has lived with his entire life. The reader wonders, how strong Pip's moral compass is with disowning his vegetarian ways so easily. The Chef is brutish and violent, although Pi still accepts him, and sees him as a friend. Richard Parker is an easy passage in Pip's mission to escape his sinful actions. Richard Parker allows Pi an outlet to immoral and unethical behavior that would not be tolerated in Pip's natural world.But we couldn't ignore him entirely. He was a brute, but a practical brute. He was good with his hands and he knew the sea. He was full Of good ideas. He was the one who thought Of building a raft to help with fishing. If we survived any time at all, it was thanks to him. (Marten 342) Even after butchering the sailor and eating all their rations, Pi accepts the Chefs help even though his methods go against his morals. Under the pressure of the sea Pi quickly and easily dismisses his morals, strays from humanity and becomes annalistic.Richard Parker acts as a perfect guarded, the typical tiger possesses the traits and emotions Pi wants to avoid. Richard Parker acts as an escape for Pi through allowing him to mask his sins, forget negative emotions, and overlook his immoral actions. Pi see's himself before the ship wreck as a holy, positive and honest being, but quickly dismisses all his morals in the light of survival. He becomes primitive, immoral and very annalistic. Pi uses Richard Parker to represent his instinctive mind and serve as an escape from the horrific level of savagery he sank to on the lifeboat. Pi creates Richard Parker as a coping method. Life of Pi Essay The second event was when; Piecing had to tame Richard Parker, the Bengal tiger that he was stuck on the lifeboat with, in order to have even the dimmest hope of survival until being rescued. Lastly Pi had to surpass many psychological barriers that his life was shaped around and had to defy his religions. He had to eat meat and fish to keep alive. Overall, these events are just a minor glimpse of what Pi Patella, a sixteen year old boy, faced and how he coped with the obstacles that were thrown at him. Pip's entire journey resulted in him experiencing death over ND over again starting with the death of his family.Losing ones parents is always a traumatic event, but losing one's parents at a young age can cause serious mental devastation. When Pi is stranded alone on the lifeboat, he maintained hope that his parents and brother survived the sinking ship; they were alive and that they will rescue him shortly. However Pi lost more hope everyday as each day went by; until he finally acc epted that his parents and brother died on the sinking ship and that they would never come back. They were dead; could no longer deny it. What a thing to acknowledge in your heart!TO lose a brother is to lose someone with whom you can share the experience of growing old, who is supposed to bring you a sister-in-law and nieces and nephews, creatures to people the tree of your life and give it new branches. To lose your father is to lose the one who's guidance and help you seek; who supports you like a tree trunk supports its branches. To lose your mother, well, that is like losing the sun above you. I lay down on the tarpaulin and spent the whole night weeping and grieving, my face buried in my arms. (Page 141) In the quote above, Pi has finally accepted the death of his family and is grieving for his loss.Pi explains his pain vividly by describing the anguish he is currently suffering and the misery he potentially will suffer in the future from the death of each member of his family . â€Å"As the life span progresses and the individual reaches adulthood, the psychological and interpersonal consequences of this disturbance may manifest in long-term mental health problems,† (Nickering). This quote clarifies that the loss of Pip's family could possibly cause severe â€Å"devastation† to his mental and psychological health as he grows older.Even though this might have been one of the most difficult things Pi had to face, his troubles did not end there; they had only begun, especially with a man-eating tiger on the same lifeboat as him. Now most humans cannot even stand near a perfectly tamed tiger, the fear would consume us and the self-preservation instinct would cause us to flee. Piecing Patella was trapped on a small lifeboat with a man eating Bengal tiger named Richard Parker. Pi did his best to maintain distance from the tiger; even building a small individual raft that he attached to the lifeboat where the tiger could not reach him.Nonetheless, he knew he would have to eventually tame the tiger so he could reach the supplies in the life boat and prolong his survival till he could be rescued. I had to tame him. It was at that moment that I realized this necessity. It was not a question of him or me, but of him and me. We were, literally and figuratively on the same boat. We would live – or we would die – together. He might be killed in an accident, or he COOL_SLD die shortly of natural causes, but it would be foolish to count on such an eventuality.Most likely the worst would happen: the simple passage of time, n which his animal toughness would easily outlast my human frailty. (Page 1 81 ) This quote demonstrates that Pi eventually came to an understanding that it was not just about him or the tiger; it was about both of them. If he was going to survive long enough to be rescued he would have to tame Richard Parker. In terms of symbolism that Yawn Marvel used, Pi would have to face and prevail over his probl ems. Here tiger represents the troubles and fears that one has to overcome in life and the lifeboat represents life itself.Through the symbolism we can see that by overcoming his fears and robbers Pi is becoming more confident, mature and in turn mentally strengthened. Richard Parker made his point with me four times. Four times he struck at me with his right paw and sent me overboard, and four times lost my shield. I was terrified before, during and after each attack, and I spent a long time shivering with fear on the raft. Eventually I learned to read the signal he was ending me. I found that his ears, his whiskers, his tale, his teeth and his throat, he spoke a simple, forcefully punctuated language that told me what his next move might be. Earned to back down before he lifted his paw in the air. (page 229) Again from this quote from the novel we can determine that Pi has matured and is examining key details that would help him tame the tiger. Only someone with a clear and mental ly strong approach could identify such tiny details and use them to their advantage. Overall the Pip's experience of taming a man eating Bengal tiger and overcoming his fears, not only made his survival on the life boat a little easier, but it made him mentally stronger as well. With today's modern technology, life boats are equipped with GAPS trackers so Orvis's can be easily and rapidly rescued.On the other hand, Pip's story took place before many of these technological inventions existed. He survived on that life boat for 227 days straight and one of his biggest concerns was food. Pip's life boat did have supplies of food, but they were nowhere even near to what was essential to survive all that time out at sea. Pi knew, that in order to persist he would have to possibly eat meat and fish. Put the hatchet down. I would break its neck, sight unseen, I decided. I wrapped the fish tightly in a blanket. With both hands started bending it.The more I pressed, the more the fish struggle d. I imagined whit it would feel like if I were wrapped in a blanket and someone were trying to break my neck. Was appalled. I gave up a number of times. Yet I knew it had to be done and the longer waited, the longer the fish's suffering would go on. (Page 202-203) The quote above explains how Pi had trouble killing the fish and eating it. He could not get over the emotional and psychological issues with killing and eating the fish, even though he knew if he was going to survive, he would eventually have to do it.On top of his own feelings and emotions, Pi followed Hinduism which clearly states that killing and eating another living creature is a sin. This does not apply to honoring the remnants of ambassador or sanctified food first offered to Lord Krishna and then eaten by the spiritual preceptors who mercifully leaves some for their devotees which is then glorified by them smash ambassador. Madhya means unsanctioned foods due to not having been consecrated by first offering it to the Supreme Lord and thus impure. Partaking of foods in tama guan such as meat, fish, fowl, eggs, wine, alcohol, etc. Reeds dark insistence and great ignorance. Baghdad Gait, Chapter 1 7, verses 8, 9, and 10) This is a passage from the sacred holy scripture of Hinduism, the Baghdad Gait. Pi had read almost all of the holy scriptures of all the religions he followed and obeyed most of what they preached. Since the Baghdad Gait said it was against the religion's beliefs to eat meat, it caused a serious moral dilemma within him. In the end he had to eat both fish and meat in order to us;eve. By doing so he was once again scarred for life, which caused further mental devastation. Though Pi suffered al these traumatic events, he survived and was eventually rescued.