Modernism, Mass Culture

Andrea Hussies argues that â€Å"since the mold 19th century, the culture of modernity has been characterized by a volatile relationship between high art and mass culture. † The writer states that Modernist artists strove to distance themselves from the â€Å"lark pour lark† movements of the turn of the century like Art Nouveau, Symbolism and ?aestheticism. This type of art pandered to the tastes of the middle classes striving to live â€Å"the good life† which evolved into a culture of decadence and indulgence. TheModernists also distanced themselves from Abstract Expressionism during the Post World War II years, favoring autonomy, a hostility to mass culture and a â€Å"radical separation from the culture of everyday life† rather than a desire to â€Å"find a content rich with meaning and redolent of social responsibility. † Hussies highlights that the most significant Modernist â€Å"attack† on the esthetics ideas of the self-sufficiency o f high culture In the 19th century resulted from a discord of the independent modernist stretch wealth the post World War I revolutionary politics in Russia andGermany, and the Increasingly rapid evolution of city life during the early 20th century. Hussies asserts that the attack was known as the historical avian garden symbolizing a new aesthetics approach, manifested in movements like expressionism, Berlin Dada, Russian constructivism, the post Russian Revolution purposeful and French Surrealism. The author ascribes this presence to a so-called â€Å"Great Divide† separating high art from mass culture, which he insists is imperative to the theoretical and historical understanding of modernism.The book Fin De Is ©clue and Its Legacy states that Hussein's thesis about postmodernist is highly debatable, and that artistic modernism can only be understood in relation to the developments that came after the emergence of new mass communications technologies from the time of Bau delaire to the Second World War. Despite a great divide, the developments of high art apparently came about as a reaction to and dependence on mass communications technologies. One might argue that artistic modernism can only be understood in relation to the mass culture of the time.Hussies asserts that both modernism and the avian-garden have always defined their identity in relation to traditional bourgeois high culture and modern commercial mass culture. He believes that most discussions relating to modernism, the avian-garden and even post modernism validate bourgeois high culture at the expense of the avian-garden or modernism. Artists of the mid 19th century like French Realist Gustavo Courier disapproved of the depiction of historical and fictional subjects in art, preferring to focus their work on mundane everyday contemporary life.Through his work, Courier broke away from academic forms and standards that advocated Idealism, and attempted to destabilize the economic power s tructure of the day. Although It might appear that there were grounds for wanting to separate the notion of high art from mass culture, the economic climate in France money of mass communication in order to make a living. Artists like Henry Toulouse- Ululate and Egg ©nee Grasses relied on poster making as a means of generating income.In the case of Grasses, after studying art and architecture and working as an accomplished painter and sculptor, he designed and produced posters, which was said to have become his fort ©. His posters eventually generated interest in the United States, and the artist was asked to design a cover for Harpers magazine in 1892 at a time of continuing expansion in the magazine industry. One might suggest that instead of there being a great divide between high art and mass culture, artists of the time were using the tools of high art to communicate ideas to mass culture, and that each existed in tandem with instead of in opposition to the other.Hussies ar gues that both Greenberg and Adorn insisted on a â€Å"categorical separation of high art and mass culture†, both men being driven by an impulse to â€Å"save the dignity and autonomy of the art work from the totalitarian pressures of fascist mass spectacles, socialist realism and degraded commercial mass culture in the West. † However, the writer goes on to agreeably postulate that although both men's impulses might have been correct at the time, their insistence of such a separation or divide became out dated.

Machiavelli and Morality Essay

When reading Niccolo Machiavelli’s The Prince, one can’t help but grasp Machiavelli’s argument that morality and politics can not exist in the same forum. However, when examining Machiavelli’s various concepts in depth, one can conclude that perhaps his suggested violence and evil is fueled by a moral end of sorts. First and foremost, one must have the understanding that this book is aimed solely at the Prince or Emperor with the express purpose of aiding him in maintaining power. Therefore, it is essential to grasp his concepts of fortune and virtue. These two contrary concepts reflect the manner in which a Prince should govern while minimizing all chance and uncertainty. This kind of governing demands violence to be taken, however this is only done for the strict purpose of maintaining his throne, and generating both fear and admiration from his people. In all cases of violence, Machiavelli limits the amount of violence that needs to be taken down to the minimum, and most cases the victims of these acts are enemies of the people. Behind the violence, the prince is essentially taking the role of the villain and assuming all â€Å"bad† acts so that his people do not have to suffer and commit the acts themselves. In addition, all the Prince asks for is to not threaten his power and to respect it. In the 16th Century, this request is feeble compared to those of other hierarchical Monarchies. In the end, Machiavelli’s Prince assumes all the burden of violence while leaving his noble people to act as they feel accordingly without worry of their lively hood. This is Machiavelli’s ultimate stroke of morality. Before examining how the interaction of violence and politics lead to morality in the end, it is important to analyze exactly what Machiavelli demands of his Prince. First and foremost, Machiavelli harps upon the concept of fortune and virtue. By fortune, he means that everything is left to chance, while nothing will guarantee that a certain event will occur. Machiavelli writes that a â€Å"Great long standing Prince never rules with fortune. † Through risk and chance, one leaves him open to failure; thus action should be withheld if an element of chance is involved. Machiavelli ties virtue very closely to that of prudence. He defines virtue as acting exceptionally and draws a distinction between morality and virtue. In many respects Machiavelli defines virtue by prudence. If a ruler is able to balance his violence, keep his subjects appeased, and have a dire understanding of his threats, then in Machiavelli’s eyes the ruler has a strong virtue. What must be understood is that the throne is always in jeopardy and someone is always there to try to knock the prince off his pedestal. This is a prime understanding that a prince must have, and fuels the infamous argument by Machiavelli that it is better to be feared than loved. Machiavelli explains that, for the most part, love is very subjective and eventually will subside unless further concessions are made to appease his subjects. In addition, people only care about their personal conveniences and a prince would have to overextend himself if he were to be loved by all. Fear, however, is not subjective and has a universal effect on all his people. Fear can be attained by sporadic violent acts. One must understand, however, that massive amounts of violence can not be done because it would portray the Prince as tyrant, and might stir up his people to revolt against him. The acts must be calculated, concise, and serve a direct purpose not only to his benefit but to the people’s also. Despite what might be assumed, Machiavelli is really developing a principality based around the people, where the Prince’s actions are merely to save his own head from the chopping block. In essence, Machiavelli’s ideal principality sustains a genuine sense of morality behind the violence that â€Å"must be subjected in order to maintain stability. † Looking at his plans subjectively, Machiavelli could very easily have broken down the subjects in a hierarchical fashion or forced upon them large sum taxes and duties. He does not do this, instead opting simply for the respect of the people and the lack of treachery in affairs regarding his power. The people in his kingdom can live with tranquility, and pursue whatever they so desire. This freedom of the people and ability to act as they feel is more than a simple convenience. Personal pursuit of happiness of all is given by the Prince but at his expense. All that the people must do is respect and not threaten the Prince’s power. On the contrary, the Prince sacrifices his own motives, morals, and personal happiness so that his subjects may have them. Essentially, Machiavelli paints the Prince as a Christ figure. It is the Prince who takes away the sins of the world, so to speak. He gives up his morals so that other may keep and cherish theirs. Machiavelli firmly insists that politics and morality can not co-exist. The main reason is that moral behavior is consistent and can be predictable. Consistency and predictability are significannot ly weak components of a ruler, and could be exploited by his enemies. When a pattern of action is established, conspirators can conspire and plan an overthrow. These conspirators would then plunder and pillage as they came to power; therefore worsening the situation in the kingdom. The people then would become the victims, and anarchy would soon break out creating all kinds of disorder. So, although the intentions of moral political actions are good, in the end they will lead to immoral acts. The actions he takes are not just violent tyrannical activities rather they are sacrifices. He is the one who must live with the guilt of sin, not his constitutes. In terms of morality, the Prince does not demand any unmoral action from his subjects. He shoulders it all. It is also the Prince who, although it is also for his personal safety, eliminates the tyrants that not only threaten his throne but also his people. Along the same lines as halting anarchy or riots, the elimination of other power hungry individuals evaporates the threat of oppression on the people from another exterior source. One thing that remains consistent in his principality is that people maintain their honor and esteem, and this unselfish sacrifice is what makes the Prince’s actions in actuality quite moral. Another aspect that one can not help but ignore is that fact the Prince assumes the position of ruler at the costs and expectations. For being a Prince, he must at times be prudent and aware of his position with the people. Machiavelli writes â€Å"the Prince must be seen as moral by the people. † The fact underlies the importance of morality for Machiavelli. Without morality and without the notion of morality in a Prince, civil disorder will occur. Morality, with its uncertainties, provides at the very least a common non-violent base in which subjects have a set of rules could live by. What makes morality important to the Prince is that it also allows him a statute of sorts. For example, if people operate by their morals than the Prince has not to worry such problems as stealing, killing and other immoral actions. Therefore, just by appearing to be moral, morality can be used as a tool to control and harness the people below him. As Prince, Machiavelli’s existence and power is constantly threatened. However, it is not simply a job or power that the Prince would lose if he is to be overthrown from his position. It is, in turn, his life that the Prince would lose if he were overtaken. Therefore, it could be conceived that the Prince is acting and utilizing violence simply to save his own life. Saving a life, even it is your own, follows within the moral code. You could though look at the situation from a different perspective. Machiavelli argues that the only noteworthy position a moral person can assume is that of a martyr. However, I disagree with this statement because although one could be reveled as a martyr, the possible effects of a new prince’s statutes far outweigh the benefits of being a martyr. As a martyr people simply become energized and support your cause. However, if a Prince is such martyr, that would mean a new Prince is in power and could instill far worse conditions upon the people. Therefore, with his subjects as the top priority, morality demands that the Prince must stay alive and allow the people to prosper under his free monarchy. Machiavelli’s Prince is a book in which Machiavelli outlines the actions a Prince must take to hold and maintain power in a principality. Within the context of the book, Machiavelli brings forth the notion that prudent violence must be done in order to maintain the throne. In addition, he strongly expresses the ideology that a Prince can not be both moral and political. However, behind this argument lays the foundation of morality. The Prince’s evil actions although not moral seem to sustain morality for the subjects within his principality. The Prince assumes all immoral behaviors and thus, by sacrifices himself for the people, is indeed moral in the end.

Records management system Essay

Chapter I INTRODUCTION Nowadays where computer is a way of life, businesses, schools, offices and other institutions adapt this kind of high technology to become easier and more comfortable for the people to live and do things. It makes the transaction process faster and less paper works. Information systems have been deployed by organizations for achieving efficiency, effectiveness, enhancing quality and gaining competitive advantage. Similarly, the proponents aim to achieve similar objectives for the proposed Personnel Record Management System of DepED, Silay City Division. Department of Education aims to provide access to quality and relevant Basic Education through informed and responsive policies and plans, effective Technical Assistance to Divisions, ensuring productive partnerships and Resource Mobilization and Management and assigning and developing highly competent educational managers, learning facilitators and support personnel, Information via the Internet: Department of Education. Managing Per sonnel records is essential in providing the information needed by organizations and monitor staff performance. As the number of hired personnel are continually increases, managing of information will also become complex, especially if everything is done manually. With the help of information system there are some ways to avoid this kind of problem. With PRMS, the Human Resource department can truly function as a strategic partner and accelerate organization growth to achieve the business goal of the organization. The system is effective and beneficial and accessible to accurate, timely and relevant information that are linked to the accomplishment of the organization’s mission and strategic objective. 1.1 Project Context This part will focus on the proposed Personnel Record Management System. It will also discuss some problems and possible solutions that will develop and improve the flow of transactions that is currently used by Department of Education-Division of Silay. It is experiencing numerous problems which slow down their services. The current system of HRMO uses a Microsoft Excel. A spreadsheet can only be used for the most basic sort of data searching and retrieval. The proposed Personnel Record Management System can provide  accuracy and effectiveness in the business process and will surely be a great help to improve the transaction process that organization is recently using. It will be easier for the HR end-users to encode personnel information and generate reports. Users must have the knowledge in using the system properly to contribute strategically to the business. And all personnel information will be saved automatically in a secured database. The proponents will develop a user-friendly system for the end-user to capture system flow. 1.2 Problem Statement After gathering the data, the proponents found out that the Department of Education-Division of Silay is experiencing some difficulties in their transactions. The current system used in recording personnel’s information by the Human Resource department of DepED, Silay City Division is Microsoft Excel. The following are the identified problems: 1. The current system can no longer support the information which had been stored using Microsoft Excel. 2. The personnel are having hard time in updating an employee’s information. 3. It takes more time in processing service record. 4. The Leave Credits and Service Credits are recorded manually. 1.3 Objectives of the Study The aim of this study is to develop a Personnel Record Management System for Department of Education-Division of Silay City which will make sure that the information of the employees are secured, relevant and updated. The Specific Objectives of the study are as follows: 1. Allow system administrator to conduct and input personal information easily, accurately and efficiently and directly stored at the database. 2. The proposed PRMS can reduce the amount of paperwork and manual record keeping. 3. Viewing and printing of service record. 4. Provide required service on time. 1.4 Scope and Limitations The proponents come up with the idea of developing Personnel Record Management System after analyzing some data gathered during interviews. The system will focus on recording information of personnel. The proposed system will be used by the HR department of DEP-ED, Silay City Division in updating and encoding records of personnel. 1. The system is only concerned in storing employee’s information. 2. The system sorts personnel by school, position and qualification. 3. The system encodes and prints of service record. 4. The system records Service Credits rendered for teaching personnel. 5. The system records Leave Credits for non- teaching personnel. 6. Registered users can only access the system to serve and protect the database. 1.5 Benefits of the Project The Personnel Record Management System will provide a better service and storage that it can keep vast amounts of data to become organized and easy to access. To the end –user  The admin/user of the HR department of the DEP-ED, Division of Silay can produce reports on employee information and development in order to ensure information needs are met. It will also easy for them to locate all the records needed by the employee in case of the misplaced of the hardcopy. To the DEP-ED, Division of Silay PRMS will be a great help for the transaction process of the organization. All the information input will directly stored at the database of the system. To the Faculty and staff of DEP-ED  PRMS is advantageous to the employee or staff for they are guarantee that the data they filled in are stored until the end of their service. The transaction process will be easier and faster in terms of their service record. To the Future Researchers The study of Personnel Record Management System will served as a pattern for the future researchers with the same title of research. To the Proponents This is a great challenge for the graduating students to strive hard to pass this study as well to earn learning’s, knowledge and skills during the project making. 1.6 Definition of Terms The proponents defined the following terms operationally: Database. is an organized collection of data. The term database is correctly applied to the data and their supporting data structures, and not to the database management system (DBMS). System. is a set of interacting or interdependent components forming an integrated whole or a set of elements. Information. Data that has been verified to be accurate and timely, is specific and organized for a purpose, is presented within a context that gives it meaning and relevance, and that can lead to an increase in understanding and decrease in uncertainty. Records. It is a collection of related field with information that usually pertains to only one subject. Employee. A person who is hired to provide services to a company on a regular basis in exchange for compensation and who does not provide these services as part of an independent business. Software. It is a system utility or application program expressed in complete readable language. User. The person who uses a computer for word processing, communications, and other application Information System. A combination of hardware, software, infrastructure and trained personnel organized to facilitate planning, control, coordination and decision making in an organization. Service Record. Is a collection of either electronic or printed material which provides a documentary history of a person’s activities and accomplishments while serving as a member of a given organization. Teachers. Refer to the number of teachers holding position titles of Master Teacher I-II and Teachers IIII. SY 1999-2000 TO SY 2001-2002 DATA IS BASED ON THE Personal Services Itemization-Plantilla of Positions (PSI-POP) while 2002-2003 to SY 2005-2006 data are based on BEIS. Chapter II REVIEW OF RELATED CONCEPTS AND SYSTEMS This chapter discuss about the different companies all over the world that uses the same system with the proposed system. These studies can help the proponents manipulate and put up ideas about the system. 2.1 Review of Related Concepts Document Management System According to the tech community TopBits.com, a Document Management System (DMS) is â€Å"an integrated network of compatible programs or computer sytems  that reliably handle information for accurate records and usability†. The main focus of the group was to search for information to help create a system that will solve the problem faced by the DOE in handling their documents. A document management system (DMS) is a computer system (or set of computer programs) used to track and store electronic documents. It is usually also capable of keeping track of the different versions modified by different users (history tracking). Human Resource Management Information Systems The use of Human Resource Management Information Systems (HRMIS) has been advocated as an opportunity for human resource (HR) professionals to become strategic partners with top management. The idea has been that HRIS would allow for the HR function to become more efficient and to provide better information for decision-making. HRIS is a system used to acquire, store, manipulate, analyze, retrieve and distribute pertinent information about an organization’s human resources. It is often regarded as a service provided to an organization in the form of information. (Tannenbaum, 1990) PaperChase Record Management & File Tracking PaperChase Records Management is the barcode or RFID driven records management (EDRMS) or file tracking system for the archival storage, tracking and retrieval of original documents, files and archive boxes, and with the PaperChase Imaging option scanned documents may also be stored, retrieved and displayed on screen. Alliance PaperChase is Intranet and In ternet compatible. Using barcode or RFID (Radio Frequency IDentification or â€Å"Smart Labels†) technology, Alliance PaperChase is designed to identify and track any item such as client files, incoming mail, internal documents, forms, drawings and archived material. Each file, box and shelf location has a barcode attached and files are tracked within the system using barcode scanners. Typically all employees could have a view-only version of PaperChase (allowing enquiries and File ordering) whilst Records Management department users would have a full version (allowing File creation, movement, boxing , archiving etc.). Users can request delivery of Files (from on-site or 3rd party storage) for delivery to their desks. (Tim Fisher, 2012) Enterprise Content Management (ECM) The Association for Information and Image Management (AIIM) International, the worldwide association for Enterprise Content Management, defined the term in  2000. AIIM has refined the abbreviation ECM several times to reflect the expanding scope and importance of information management. Enterprise content management (ECM) is a formalized means of organizing and storing an organization’s documents, and other content, that relate to the organization’s processes. The term encompasses strategies, methods, and tools used throughout the lifecycle of the content. (Wikipedia, 2010) Records Management System RIMS Law Enforcement Records Management System is the most effective way to organize, track and access the vast amount of information that flows through your police department every day. RMS was designed to be powerful as well as easy. In fact, its power lies in how simple and logical it is to use. Help screens throughout the system ensure that assistance is only a click away. With the Search function, you can create reports based on any parameters you set. Also, RIMS makes retrieving data easy, even when only incomplete information is available. Find people by searching first names, hair color, height, weight or any other information captured in a person record. Or locate vehicles with nothing more than make, model or color. (Sun Ridge Systems, Inc., 2013) With the Records Management System, you can easily track a variety of offender types, as well as, other groups of special interests such as missing persons. 2.2 Review of Related System This study aims to give more understanding regarding the Personnel Record Management System through this review. This also served as guide to help improved the proposed system. International Records Management Trust This module is part of an educational initiative called Training in Electronic Records Management or TERM, developed by the International Records Management Trust as part of a wider project to investigate issues associated with establishing integrity in public sector information systems. Begun in 2006, Fostering Trust and Transparency in Governance: Investigating and Addressing the Requirements for Building Integrity in Public Sector Information Systems in the ICT Environment was a project designed to address the crucial importance of managing records in the information technology environment. The focus of the study was pay and personnel records, since  payroll control and procurement are the two major areas of government expenditure most vulnerable to misappropriation, and payroll control is, therefore, a highly significant issue for all governments. The project provided an opportunity to explore the management of paper records as inputs to financial and human resource management information systems, the management of electronic records as digital outputs and the links between them. It also involved examining the degree to which the controls and authorizations that operated in paper-based systems in the past have been translated into the electronic working environment, (the National Archives, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, 1999) Student’s Records: Challenges in the Management of Student Personnel in Nigerian Tertiary Institutions This study is focused on the challenges on students’ records in tertiary institutions in Nigeria. This is because the life wire of the existence of any organization hinges on adequate information disseminated amongst all members of such organization. The study used samples from Federal, State and Private Universities in the South-South geopolitical zone of Nigeria. The study specially found out if there are significant differences in the challenges in the Federal, State and Private Universities. The design of study is the descriptive survey having all the 7,167 senior administrative staff in Federal, State and Private Universities in the South-South geopolitical zone as the target population. The study used the stratified random sampling techniques to obtain 740 sample sizes. The instrument used was the questionnaires designed on an adopted four point like scale from strongly agree to strongly disagree. The test re-test method was used and the Pearson product moment co-efficient statistics was used to obtain a reliability co-efficient r of 0.88 at 5% level for the instrument. Two research questions were raised as guide and one null hypothesis was formulated and tested. The percentage score was used to present and analyse research question one while the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to answer research question two and to test the only hypothesis. The findings revealed that the challenges encountered in the management of records are common to Federal, State and Private Universities in Nigerian. Record keeping in an organizational set-up like the school cannot be over emphasized, especially to ensure that accurate and proper record of student’s achievement and growth are kept in schools. The smooth running of any higher institution depends on effective  and efficient records management as one of the Student Personnel Services. These records serve the purpose of referri ng to the past and a signpost to the future. However, on a closer look at Nigeria Universities, one finds that records are not properly kept. Nwagwu (1995) observes that Nigeria does not have a developed record keeping culture in the educational system. But records should be adequately stored and preserved for easy reference and retrieval. Alegbeleye (1993) sees records and information management as an all embracing activity which includes form control, correspondence control reports management and control activities, file management records inventory and appraisal records retention and disposition, archives management and control and reprography. (E. D. Nakpodia 2011). Managing Public Sector Records This module is not primarily concerned with the skills and techniques of personnel management, though inevitably it discusses the main functions involved. Rather, this module aims to identify and describe the types of records generated in the normal course of personnel management. The module then seeks to promote good practice in the creation, maintenance and disposal of those records. The main focus is on the management of personal files, which are the ‘case files’ that relate to individual employees. Personal files comprise the main bulk of personnel records. Managing Personnel Records aims to help the records manager understand the role that records play in the whole range of issues involved with personnel management. Its goal is to assist both records managers and non-records staff, including line managers and personnel staff, to manage personnel records in support of public accountability and good governance. The module will enable them to advise policy makers and personnel managers about the importance of effective personnel records management. The module is written particularly for records managers who have completed their study of the earlier modules in this programmed. It is addressed to those working in posts carrying managerial responsibility for personnel records. It will also be of value to managers in other disciplines, in particular personnel officers seeking a broader perspective. The module provides an understanding of the management framework needed for the control of personnel records and their significance as a resource for public sector personnel management and  human resources planning. It explores the role of these records as tools for monitoring staff numbers and performance as well as for protecting the rights of individual staff. Personal Health Records and Personal Health Record Systems In its 2001 report, Information for Health: A Strategy for Building the National Health Information Infrastructure, NCVHS identified three primary areas or dimensions that comprise a national health information infrastructure (NHII): information to support the needs of patient care, population health, and personal health. The healthcare provider (patient care) area promotes quality patient care by providing access to more complete and accurate patient data on the spot, around the clock. It includes provider notes, clinical orders, decision-support programs, electronic prescribing programs, and practice guidelines. The second area, population health, makes it possible for public health officials and other data users at local, State, and national levels to identify and track health threats, assess population health, and create and monitor programs and services. This area includes information on both the health of the population and influences on it. Finally, the personal health area of the NHII supports individuals in managing their own wellness and healthcare decision making. It includes a personal health record that is created and controlled by the individual or family, plus information and tools such as health status reports, self-care trackers and directories of healthcare and public health service providers. In this vision of the NHII, the three primary areas are equally important, and the goal for the infrastructure as a whole is to promote optimum information exchange among them. The heart of the vision is sharing information and knowledge as appropriate so it is available to people when they need it to make the best possible health decisions. Ready access to relevant, reliable information and secure modes of communication will enable consumers, patients, healthcare and public health professionals, public agencies, and others to address personal and community health concerns far more effectively. Employee Information System-Divine Word College of Vigan Computers have changed the way we work, be it any profession, establishments  or organizations. Computers played a vital role in every field. They aid industrial processes, they find applications in medicine, they are the heart of the software industry, and they play a vital role in education and to different organizations. Thus computers are evidently advantageous to mankind especially that we are now on the information age. In an organization like Divine Word College of Vigan especially in the Human Resource Management Office, filing and managing employee records is an important task and to make this work easier and faster an Employee Information System can help a lot. Modern businesses have been leveraging employee information systems (EIS) to manage order, organize and manipulate the gigabytes and masses of information generated for various purposes. EIS helps businesses optimize business processes, address information needs of employees and various stakeholders and take inform ed strategic decisions. The main purpose of this project is to design an Employee Information System for Divine Word College of Vigan (DWCV-EIS) that will provide complete, efficient, accurate, reliable, timely, and secured employee information. In other words, it aimed to reduce the manual effort needed to file and maintain records thus DWCV-EIS is big help. As Divine Word College of Vigan – Employee Information System be implemented it would be expected that it will maintain and store information pertaining to all the employees in the organization. Human Resource Information Systems in Jordanian Universities The main purposes of this study are to explore the extent to which public Jordanian universities have adopted Human Resource Information System (HRIS) and to examine the current HRIS uses, benefits and barriers in these universities. A structured questionnaire was constructed based on other previous studies; it also pre-tested, modified and translated to capture data from HRIS users in Jordania n universities. The main findings of this study revealed that the quick response and access to information were the main benefits of HRIS implementation. While, the insufficient financial support; difficulty in changing the organization’s culture and lack of commitment from top managers were the main HRIS implementation barriers. The present study provides some insights into the performance and applications of HRIS in Jordanian universities that could help Human Resource Management (HRM) practitioners to get a better understanding of the current HRIS uses, benefits and problems, which in turn, will improve the effectiveness of HRIS  in Jordanian universities. As a summary, the related studies gathered by the group were focus primarily on advantages of creating Information System. As the world is living in highly competitive, different organizations and institutions face the innovative, easier and more reliable ways to give and obtain information. Stressing the use of technology in records m anagement was a great help in developing a system to be used by different organizations for the work to become easier. Chapter III METHODOLOGY System Development Methodology is the formal documentation for the phases of the system development life cycle. It defines the precise objectives for each phase and the results required from a phase before the next one can begin. It may include specialized forms for preparing the documentation describing each phase. 3.1 Research Approach The proponents used the â€Å"Qualitative method† which is the practicable method by studying various problems. The proponents gathered information through interviews with the personnel of DepED, Division of Silay. A set of questions was prepared for the person in charge to answer during the interview. Observation was also used with regards to the proposed Personnel Record Management System. Gathering of some sample documents related to the study like the personal data sheet, service record, service credits and leave credits. This research instruments will help in implementing an effective system for the HR department of DepED, Division of Silay. 3.2 Systems Development Methodology System development methodologies are promoted as a means of improving the management and control of the software development process, structuring and simplifying the process, and standardizing the development process and product by specifying activities to be done and techniques to be used. It is often assumed that the use of a system development methodology will improve system development productivity and quality. The proponents will use the Iterative Method which is based on the System Development Life Cycle Method (SDLC). An iterative lifecycle model does not attempt to start with a full specification of requirements. Instead, development begins by specifying and  implementing just part of the software, which can then be reviewed in order to identify further requirements. This process is then repeated, producing a new version of the software for each cycle of the model. Consider an iterative lifecycle model which consists of repeating the following four phases in sequence. This iterative lifecycle diagram illustrates the steps in making this project. C:UsersBTeuncruiterativemodel.jpg Figure 1. Iterative Model Planning and Identifying Problems The proponents seek for an organization that is capable of adapting the proposed system. DEP-ED, Division of Silay chooses as the proponent’s respondent. During the manual flow of transaction, the proponents have identified some problems encountered by the current system. Problem statement is clearly stated on Chapter 1. Determining System Requirements After planning the system’s project, the proponent will now determine the possible requirements needed in making the system. The proponents will conduct a thorough research in the host organization, interview the personnel of HR department of DEP-ED and gathered some sample documents. In determining system requirements, the proponent will gather information through several actual interviews, gathering sample documents and will take an ocular observation to the said organization. Design the System After analyzing all the system requirements, the gathered data that had been normalized will be set in the system database. The proponent visualizes the structures and the relationships of the proposed system with the aid of technical tools and will serve as basis for actual programming. The proponents will identify the system’s requirements such as the hardware and the software. Testing and Implementing the System After the complete designing and encoding of the program, the system will be set for testing. If the system wouldn’t run, debugging will be done to track errors. The system will be tested to know if it is running accordingly modified in proper condition. An efficient testing will be taken to ensure that the system is now ready to be implemented. In the testing and  implementation phase, the software and hardware will be installed for the deployment of PRMS. A user’s manual must be provided to help the end users manipulate the system. Reviewing the System’s Project Constructing and review of all the completed activities and if there are occurred errors, the developers should go back to the first step in order to fix problems. 3.3 System Requirement Specification In this phase includes the Functional, input, output, Hardware and Software Requirements that is needed for the implementation of Personnel Record Management

Community Poling Through Neighborhood Watch Essay

Community Poling Through Neighborhood Watch - Essay Example Neighborhood watches have long been argued as an effective way to empower the community where its members actively participate in crime prevention. Neighborhood watches are also perceived as â€Å"easy to start† as the members would only act the role of â€Å"eyes and ears† of the police force (Williamson, 2008, p. 98). Lastly, this paper supports the hypothesis that there are many ways to gain support for a neighborhood watch if only communication, cooperation, education, and forums are to be highlighted. Neighborhood Watch Not all people may know the concept of neighborhood watch or even its basic forms and processes. Neighborhood watch works toward the concept of crime prevention and reducing fear of crime (Stephens, 2000, p. 19). It is one of the basic forms of homeland security where community members are empowered through active participation in crime monitoring and reporting and feel safe due to the perception that community members will help one another against the threat of burglary and other projected crimes. For the last two decades, neighborhood watch has been so popular because of its dynamics. ... 270–273). There is no need for a neighborhood watch to risk their lives by going out to the suspected crime area. A simple alarm and notification system would serve the purpose of crime prevention. How do we initiate a neighborhood watch in the community? The process of neighborhood watch starts with recruitment or enlistment. First, one will enlist local members of the neighborhood to assist crime prevention officials. Members should voluntarily agree and participate in a neighborhood watch, and coercion is prohibited. Second, they will need to contact their local law enforcement agency to schedule a meeting. Third, members will discuss community concerns and will develop a community action plan about the identified concerns. Fourth, members conduct regular meetings and trainings to develop relevant skills. Lastly, a neighborhood watch member will implement a phone tree and action steps so that a systematic and fast notification could be done regularly. A neighborhood watch m ember must remember and implement these steps carefully to foster a successful neighborhood watch program which will lead to effective reduction of crime rates. The local crime prevention officer holds the most important role in a neighborhood watch including his regular attendance in the meetings. As the local crime prevention officer, he is responsible for explaining the duties of each member of the neighborhood watch. He also sets the time and place of meetings which could be held in a home or local community house. In the said meeting, a leader of the neighborhood watch team is established, who could gather facts about the crime, check police reports, do victimization surveys, learn

Paper 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Paper 5 - Essay Example us that his â€Å"home is beyond the mountains† (144) but he is not; he is in the white man’s world a world where trees are planted in â€Å"military rows† (144) and although all living things are beautiful â€Å"it is the beauty of captivity.† His prison is the â€Å"bluff of being civilized† a place where he has â€Å"to do everything [he doesn’t] want to do† a place where he â€Å"never [does] anything† he wants. (144) The narrator of â€Å"She’s Free’ on the other hand, is a negro and has lived life in a white man’s world as a slave subjected â€Å"by law †¦[to] torture and chain† (line 1) solely because of the color of her skin, â€Å"the hue of her face.† (line 2) Thus her enslavement is existent and tangible – she bears the signs of â€Å"bondage and blood †¦ scourges and chains,† (line 7) whereas the Indian bears no physical signs of enslavement and is allowed t o move around and exist without abuse, in his view he is imprisoned â€Å"dancing to the strings of customs and traditions.† (144) Both narrators seek escape from their imprisonment, he by returning to his homeland and people and she by escaping and running away. The difference however is that he is escaping to the familiarity and safety of his family and his people but she, â€Å"with her arm on her child† (line 3) is escaping into the unknown world where â€Å"the danger was fearful [and] the pathway was wild.†(line 4) She is resolute in her journey preferring to be free from oppression even though her future is unknown; she is determined and tenacious in coping with what may come before her â€Å"poverty, danger and death she can brave† (line 13) for the freedom of her child, â€Å"for the child of her love is no loner a slave.† (line 14) The Indian however is not so unwavering. Although still â€Å"twenty miles from home† (146) he begins to feel concern and â€Å"afraid of being looked on as a stranger by [his] own people.† (146) He states that he doesn’t fit in either world, â€Å"certainly not

Solving the world food problems is the most is important step now for Essay

Solving the world food problems is the most is important step now for human kind - Essay Example However, food problems seem to be the result of combining all these problems. Therefore, commentators may conclude that solving the current world food problems is the most important step for humans. This paper seeks to address the food problems issue in this context, analyzing the reasons for the current food shortages and its potential solution. In addition, the paper addresses the genetically modified food and bio-fuel production, as well as global warming and its impacts on the world food supply. The most obvious reason for the food problems is overpopulation. According to statistics, the world population was 2.5 billion in 1950, and experts estimate the figure to reach 9.2 billion in 2050. However, this significant increase is not accompanied by increased food production. For instance, the meat consumption in 1980 in China was 20kg per capita, but 50kg per capita three decades later (Kates, 2001:18). The increase in the demand for food has rose by 200%, and will increase by 50% by 2030. As food becomes scarcer, food products could increase in price. This creates a vicious cycle of food shortages and poverty in economically developing and disadvantaged countries. For example, the food prices in Haiti have rose by 50 to 100% in a few decades. Additionally, the prices of food continue to rise. According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization price index shows that the there has been a steady increase in food prices, from 12% in 2005 to 24% in 2007 to 50% in 20 08. Data from the World Bank shows the same trend (Messer, Cohen, and D’Costa, 2001:12). However, overpopulation is not the only cause of the significant increase in food prices. The global economy has experienced several serious financial crises in the past decade. Consider the Great recession of 2009 and the recent Euro debt crisis. Bad soil moisture and associated soil drainage results to the high food prices. Poor soil moisture causes poor drainage, which also depends on the grade

Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 6

Music - Essay Example The main genres of the 17th – 18th centuries’ music are cantata and oratorio. The importance of secular music increased: it sounded at courts, in the salons of the aristocracy, in public theaters (the first such theaters were founded in the 17th century). Opera takes shape as a new kind of musical art.   Ã‚  Ã‚   New genres also emerged in instrumental music. Primarily we can talk about an instrumental concerto. The violin, harpsichord, organ gradually turned into solo instruments. Music, composed for them, made ​​it possible to show not only the composers’ talent but also talent of the performing musicians. Virtuosity was valued most of all. It gradually became an end in itself for many musicians. The composers of the 17th -18th centuries usually composed not only music, but also skillfully played instruments and were involved in teaching activities. Welfare of musicians and composers largely depended on a specific customer. As a rule, every serious musician sought a place at court of a monarch or a wealthy aristocrat (many noblemen had their own orchestras or opera houses) or in a church. And the majority of composers easily combined church services with music-making for their secular patrons. Austria took the leading role in the development of musical culture in the 18th century. European opera, after two centuries of development, finally reached the pinnacle in the work of Viennese composers - Christoph Willibald Gluck (1714 - 1782) and Wolfgang Amedeo Mozart (1756 - 1791). Classical symphonic style and classical chamber music were created by an Austrian composer Joseph Haydn (1732-1809) and genius Mozart. When people talk about classical music (in the sense of a certain movement, along with the Romantic Movement, Impressionism, etc.), they primarily have in mind the Viennese classical school, represented by Gluck, Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven in the 19th century. Creative works of Haydn and Mozart, sons of

Human Resources Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Human Resources Strategies - Essay Example Therefore, the employee should not come under knowledge about how their pay is determined but should be aware that what performance comes under requirement to obtain a given raise in the wage amount. (Cascio, 2006) 360-Degree Feedback is one of the development tools that come under practice by the HR team that facilitates in measuring the employee performance and recognize the strengths and weaknesses that can help the employee be more productive and effective. However, according to the personal viewpoint, each job description must come under evaluation on different dimensions. This is because the every job description has different set of responsibilities and it would be inequitable and unfair to evaluate or assess them on the same set of performance dimensions. In addition, at GE/Durham, the managers are responsible only for making a dozen major decisions while the team members are liable to make all the other decisions or their inputs are the basis of the decisions. With respect to the case study, GE/Durham is an organization where the team members have their prime focus on making perfect jet engines correctly, quickly and cheaply, therefore, the contents of the 360-Degree appraisal must depend upon problem solving, planning, and organizing, teamwork, communication, and leadership effectiveness. While looking at the working style of GE/Durham, the rating format in order to make the appraisal ratings must include open-ended questions to have the written feedbacks. Apart from few open-ended questions, multiple choice questions and 5-point rating scale  questions would also be beneficial. For members of the nine production teams working at GE/Durham, performance assessments must come under evaluation by Paula Sims, as she is the plant manager of the team members. Although the evaluation would come under assessment from the feedbacks provided by the peers, the managers, and direct reports Sims is the key responsible person

Democracy Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Democracy - Research Proposal Example It takes care of subjects related with political pluralism, equality in the wake of law and the right to submit petition for the elected officials. It also brings to light different matters pertaining to human rights, civil liberties, a number of varied elements of the civil society and the different institutions working under the auspices of the government of the state. The origin of democracy has come about from the Ancient Greek times. The Ancient Greek political and philosophical thoughts made use of democracy and its different undertakings in their day to day affairs and practice. Plato called democracy as the system of rule by the governed, which summed the whole essence of democracy in its truest sense. The Republics of Ancient India had some instances and traces of civilizations of democracy within their ranks. This was way before the birth of the Buddha. Thus the origins of democracy stretch quite back in time and a number of nations can hold themselves in line with the original basis that was brought forward by this system of government, ruling and indeed legislation. 1 In its truest meaning, democracy is a political philosophy more than anything else. It is a form of government which exists for the people and brought in essence by the people. Democracy calls for competitive elections which are mandatory within such a form of government. What this does is to elect people or office bearers who get the most votes in such an election exercise. These elections bring to light the aspects of freedom of speech, freedom for the press and television and radio as well as a general exercise of law within the very state in which elections are being carried out. In the name of democracy, it is significant that the civilian control of the military is kept away as much as possible since this gives rise to military dictatorship regimes and thus intervenes in the smooth political affairs and their undertakings. The major premise on which the

Popol Vuh Creation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Popol Vuh Creation - Essay Example This relates to agriculture because of the three attempts, corn is the only one that brings life, when planted properly. The story somehow showed analogy of man having soul and seeds bringing life to agriculture. The belief in religion is also a good lesson from the story. The story showed the existence of different worlds, the underworld, upper world and the world we know as Earth. Religion teaches human beings to believe in the existence of Gods, and worship the Gods who created them. The third lesson was about the trails that the Hero Twins had to go through to be able to get their father from the gods of the underworld. They used magic and trickery to defeat the gods. After doing so, they were rose up to the upper world and became the sun and the moon. Their love for their father and their perseverance showed that they were worthy to be exalted op to the upper world and be with the Creator. The connections between all living creatures on earth shown in the Popol Vuh can still be related to how Mayan society value the plants and animals around them. Corn, being an agricultural product, has been a representation of the human body and soul. The teachings from the story of the Hero Twins help the Maya society accept death and trials as their challenge to be able to climb up to where the Hero Twins are. From the underworld, their success will help them gain a worthy place together with the sun and the moon. This story teaches us that even if societies have different stories of creation, the existence of a Creator, the interconnection of life on earth, and the battles that we go through to be able to deserve a good life in heaven, are almost the same in context. This also shows that no matter how different the religious beliefs are, the teachings behind them are all for the common good of the

Maple Ridge Engineering Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Maple Ridge Engineering - Case Study Example At present, Maple Ridge is in dire need of the system to provide information on business solutions. The aim is to ensure that the users are comfortable, not just the developing team. The problem at Maple Ridge is that Staff cannot easily move from one project to another. At the same time and for the same reason, staff cannot easily monitor the resources. The company seeks to implement a system that can move staff between different projects and monitor the positions of the shared resources. The important feedback in this project is the performance of MRE, compared to the experience and the expectations for future. The project is essential for maple Ridge because the benefits are long lasting and sustainable. It will act like an automated framework on which Daniel and Snowden will be able to co-ordinate future projects. The costs are minor, being a once-off payment. After the design of the MRE, the only cost is that of maintenance. The option that can make the project more efficient is to compare it to the already existing successful projects of similar nature, notice how resources are shared, how staff members monitor projects and the methods of delivering feedback. This in fact is the objective. Maple Ridge Engineering has various entities and systems working differently from each other. The desire of Snowden is to integrate the systems to GEMS. 2. Objectives The project has three main objectives within Maple Ridge: To develop a sustainable relationship between staff members and the projects within the organization To provide the management of with transparency about the on going projects, the resource utilization framework and information sharing. To provide necessary support to the staff by encouraging maximum use of the online resources and optimization of the system The principal goal of the desired MRE system is to perform the task of project tracking as well as management. This second goal is to improve the efficiency and output of the new integrated GEMS system to create more accurate estimate for the project resource requirement across all departments in the industry. With a proper integration of the system, the GEMS system is expected to support the movement of the organization staff members from one department of MRE to another and also across the different units. While managing the movement, it will also be facilitating resource utilization and sharing. This is where the time recording functionality comes to play a vital role. All the expectations in the previously proposed system raise issues that require a lot of improvement in the organisational structure and the flow of data and processes. As is evident on the â€Å"Hypercase† website, the main agenda is Maple Ridge. The information and instructions on the website is straight forward providing massive support information about Maple Ridge on the website. Theoretically, the different entities of the MRE function well through the integration. They desired state is that they should be able to share resources equally. A detailed

Auditing Risk Essay Example for Free

Auditing Risk Essay The auditor chooses what overall level of audit risk they are willing to accept. A higher level of audit risk means that the auditor is willing to accept more audit failures. 1% audit risk means that you are willing to accept that 1 out of 100 issued audit opinions will be incorrect. 5% audit risk means that you are willing to accept that 5 out of 100 issued audit opinions will be incorrect. So, the higher the audit risk you are willing to accept, the less audit work you have to perform. Audit risk and audit work are inversely related. Inherent Risk (IR) is the susceptibility of a particular transaction to be recorded in error. For example, revenue recognition related to software transactions is more inherently risky that revenue recognized at a point of sale transaction at a grocery store. In this example (all else constant), you would assign your software company client revenue accounts higher inherent risk than your grocery store client, due to the inherent difficulty in software revenue recognition. Higher inherent risk, all else constant, leads to more audit work. Inherent risk and audit work are directly related. Stated more specifically, if the inherent riskiness of one set of accounts is higher than another set of accounts, the auditor must increase the amount of testing done to achieve the given level of audit risk. Control risk (CR) is the risk that the company’s internal control system will fail to prevent or detect errors. A well established fortune 500 manufacturing company is likely to have better internal controls than a small biotech startup with one person playing the roles of accountant, chief financial officer and CEO. In this example (again, all else constant) you would assign your manufacturing client a lower control risk than your biotech client (for whom, in all likelihood, you decide not to rely on controls at all, and assign a value of 1 to control risk). Higher control risk, all else constant, leads to more audit work. Control risk and audit work are directly related, stated more specifically, if the risk that controls will not catch accounting errors increases, you must do more testing to achieve a given level of audit risk. Second: Let’s think about the equation, and the relation of each type of risk to each other s the risk that our audit procedures over a specific account or group of accounts will fail to detect a material misstatement. We know that we set the level of M. Shepardson audit risk, we assess the levels of inherent risk and control risk, and from that, we calculate the level of detection risk. Rewriting equation (1), we have the following:

Good Governance Principles

Good Governance Principles Governance is the deliberate and conscious management of regime structures for enhancing the public realm.Governance can be viewed from social, political and economic perspectives. Indeed, good governance is pivotal to the development process.Development linked governance has been an issue much debated in the contemporary world. The term governance has taken a much wider meaning and is no longer restricted to rule or administration but is used in a broader sense to imply the manner in which power is exercised. Since power can be exercised in any manner as desired, certain principles would be required in order to judge whether the discourse of the power has been made as per certain standards and norms. Such judgment can be based on several criteria participation of citizens, upholding the rule of law, transparency of the system, responsiveness of the authority, consensus oriented policy, equity and inclusiveness of the policy, accountability of the system, strategic vision of the aut hority, etc. At the end of the Cold War era, the term good governance came into circulation which signified the prescriptions by donor agencies for carrying out economic and political reforms by the recipient countries. These prescriptions were presented by international donor agencies as conditionalities and were expected to be met with compliance.  [4]   The World Bank defines good governance as ..the one epitomized by predictable, open, and enlightened policy-making, a bureaucracy imbued with a professional ethos acting in furtherance of the public good, the rule of law, transparent processes, and a strong civil society participating in public affairs. Poor governance (on the other hand) is characterized by arbitrary policy making, unaccountable bureaucracies, un-enforced or unjust legal systems, the abuse of executive power, a civil society unengaged in public life and widespread corruption.  [5]   The Government of Maharashtra Report on Good Governance sought to elucidate on the concept of good governance.  [6]  At the outset in the Mission Statement of the report, it clarified that the concept of good governance was much larger than mere administrative reforms as understood in the conventional sense of the term as it covered more ground and substance. Good governance has much to do with the ethical grounding of governance and therefore must be evaluated with reference to specific norms and objectives as may be laid down. Apart from looking at the functioning of the given segment of the society from the point of view of its acknowledged stakeholders and beneficiaries and customers and incorporating these perspectives in the course of its actions, it must have firm moorings to certain moral values and principles. As a concept, good governance applies to various and distinct sections of the society; the government, legislature, judiciary, the media, the private sector, the corporate sector, the co-operatives, societies, trusts, organizations and even non-governmental organizations.  [7]  After all, public accountability and transparency are equally relevant for each one of these institutions on which the society derives pillar-strength. Furthermore, only when all these and various other sections of the society conduct their affairs in a socially responsible manner can the objective of achieving larger good for the largest number of people in the society be realized. It must also be mentioned that the foremost test of good governance is the respect for the rule of law. As the often quoted saying goes, the law is supreme and above all its subjects. Governance must always be based on rule of law. Every lawfully established government must govern according to the laws of the land and all its actions must uphold the rule of law and any effort to take the law in ones own hand or to undermine the law by anyone, howsoever high and mighty he may be, must be dealt with speedily, decisively and in an exemplary manner. The Report goes on to observe that it is a matter of great concern that despite over five decades of Independence, it cannot be said with conviction that our governance is based on the rule of law. CHAPTER 2: PRINCIPLES OF GOOD GOVERNANCE 2.1 Principles of Good Governance The pillars of governance include accountability, transparency, predictability and participation these are universally applicable regardless of economic orientation, strategic priorities, or policy choices of the government in question. However, there application must be country-specific and purely based on the economic, social and administrative capacity of the country. The universally accepted characteristics of good governance include participation, rule of law, transparency, responsiveness, equity, inclusiveness, effectiveness, efficiency and accountability.  [8]   The following text shall cover the principles which may be considered as the key principles of good governance in the opinion of the researcher. These key elements have been listed out by the researcher based on their relevance and contribution towards establishing an efficient and objective driven governing authority, covering socio-political and economic considerations. The determinative role that these principles play are supported by the various texts of international governing authorities, like the United Nations, as well as the emphasis laid upon them by the Constitutions of various countries including India. Therefore, these principles are covered not only by hard-law provisions, i.e. legislations, treaties, etc. which make the compliance to such principles mandatory, but also soft-law provisions, i.e. declarations, policies outlining desirable targets, etc. which reflect the consensus of countries and their convergence in thought process vis-à  -vis these principles. (1) Free and Fair Elections Since good governance emphasizes on the significance attached to the right people being involved in the decision making process, a democratic setup where the representatives of the people are in control of the power, ensured by free and fair elections, holds importance towards ensuring good governance. Free and fair elections ensure that the citizens are able to exercise their right to elect their leaders and hence participate in voicing their interests through these leaders. However, such an election process must be free and fair, where the voters have a choice amongst the candidates and the right to the relevant information concerning the candidates in order to elect the leader who according to them could best serve the government. Such elections are open to all persons without discriminating on sex, race or ethnicity and are without interference or coercion by the government.. The right to vote is a constitutionally safeguarded right and is the cornerstone of a democratic society. However, other factors which discussed below are essential to ensure that elections are a means to a democratic society, and not an end by themselves.  [9]   (2) Independent Judiciary The Rule of Law A crucial aspect of the constitutional mechanism is a system of checks and balances that is imposed upon the different organs of the State. While power is granted to the government, its use is overlooked and kept within acceptable limits by the constitutional limits like periodic elections, guarantees of rights, and an independent judiciary which permits the citizens to seek protection of their rights and redress against government actions. In this way, one branch of the government is able to provide accountability for the actions of another. The value attached to an independent judiciary cannot be neglected due to its role in preserving the rule of law.  [10]  The rule of law binds the branches of the government together. It also lays the foundation for the sound establishment of the healthy economic, social and political life. The Courts must uphold the rule of law in the State, fairly and without discrimination, providing equal protection for women and minorities and allow open and fair access to judicial and administrative systems. Political or civil rights must not be denied by reasons of sex, race or ethnicity. Justice should be available for all sections of the society. Good governance requires fair legal frameworks that are enforced impartially. It requires full protection of human rights, particularly those of the minorities. Impartial enforcement of laws requires an independent judiciary and an impartial and incorruptible police force.  [11]   (3) Freedom of Speech Press To function efficiently, a democratic society based on justice must not restrict the free exchange of ideas and information. To achieve this, free and open press and the freedoms of speech and expression are constitutionally safeguarded rights as well to cultivate effective governance. We live in an information driven society, and the access to information provides a vital tool to the public to make informed choices regarding their day to day lives and enables them to participate in the governance process. Such freedoms also serve as a check on the accountability for the government and lets the citizens redress the government for its actions. It facilitates the exchange of political discourse, creating a marketplace of ideas where no view is stifled and the best are chosen.  [12]   (4) Elimination of Corruption Good governance also translates into the elimination of corruption to preserve the integrity of democracy. Governments must strive to rid themselves of bribery as corruption damages economic development and reform, and is an obstacle as far as the ability of developing countries to attract foreign investment is concerned while also hindering the growth of democratic institutions, and concentrating power in the hands of a few. The best way to combat corruption is for governments to be open and transparent. While in certain cases governments have a responsibility to retain secrecy and confidentiality, democratic governments must be sensitive to the citizens right to know. Strong laws against corruption and the presence of law enforcement agencies that work against corruption demonstrate a governments commitment to this principle.  [13]   (5) Investment in People Reaping maximum benefit and managing the limited resources before the country is a task which must be performed by the administration. While following good governance practices, the government must invest in the people to cultivate a human resource base. This means that ample resources must be devoted to preserve the welfare of the citizens, without discrimination, and provide health care, education, etc., and an environment where political, economic and social well being, peace and justice can be achieved.  [14]   (6) Legitimacy Voice All citizens, men and women, must have a voice in the decision making process in good governance compliant State. This may be direct or through legitimate intermediate institutions. Such broad participation is made possible by the freedom of association and expression. Of the principles enumerated thus far, the principle of legitimacy and voice has the strongest claim to universal recognition based on over a half century of United Nations accomplishments in the field of human rights.  [15]  Another facet of good governance is the intention to act on consensus and not on the will of a few, whether strong or weak. This mediates the differing interests to reach a broad consensus on what is in the best interest of the entire society. A long term perspective giving due regard to the holistic effect on the society must be undertaken before the governing authority envisages on a path and focus on sustainable human development. This may include better understanding the historical, cultur al and social contexts of the given society.  [16]   (7) Direction The leaders in particular and the public in general should have a broad and long term perspective on good governance and human development, accompanied with a strong sense of the historical, cultural and social complexities in which that perspective is grounded.  [17]   The leaders and the public should have a broad and long-term perspective on good governance and human development, along with a sense of what is needed for such development. There is also an understanding of the historical, cultural and social complexities in which that perspective is grounded. Governance is thus a checklist of criteria of managing public affairs. As Lewis T. Preston, the World Bank president, categorically stated in hi foreword to Governance and Development, Good governance is an essential complement to sound economic policies. Efficient and accountable management by the public sector and a predictable and transparent policy framework are critical to the efficiency of markets and governments, and hence to economic development.  [18]   (8) Performance Orientation While good governance necessitates the consideration of several other factors, achieving the targets set forth by the government cannot be overlooked. These institutions and processes must attempt to serve all the stakeholders, and produce results that meet the needs while making the best use of the resources.  [19]  The work should always be oriented towards achieving optimal performance. Performance can be divided into two categories responsiveness of the government, and the effectiveness and efficiency of the government. Good governance calls for serving of the stakeholders within a reasonable timeframe which would ensure trust and acceptance of the public. Responsiveness of the government can only be tested if there exists meaningful and serious civil society engagement in the public affairs of the State.  [20]  The concept of efficiency in the context of good governance also covers the sustainable use of natural resources and the protections of the environment. (9) Accountability Information is also associated with the power government exercises. By restricting information, people within government become more powerful that those who are without it. Thus, demand for transparency and information is also about sharing of power. It is possible to misuse power when it is concentrated rather than when it is shared among a broader stream of people. As information grows, the arbitrariness of government tends to reduce.  [21]   Good governance entails the accountability of those who have been entrusted with certain duties and powers. Since the public participates in the decision making through the elected representatives and through the appointed decision makers, these decision makers are accountable to the public for the use of their powers. The level of this accountability may however differ in accordance with the organization in question and the nature of the decision. The private sector and civil society organizations must also be held accountable to the public and their institutional stakeholders. In general, an organization or an institution is accountable to those who will be affected by its decisions or actions.  [22]   Accountability cannot be enforced without transparency and the rule of law. Transparency refers to the taking decisions and enforcing them in accordance with rules and regulations and making the information with regard to such actions accessible for scrutiny by those the decisions affect. In simplistic terms, it means also that sufficient information is provided and that it is provided in easily understandable forms and mediums.  [23]  Transparency depends on the building of a free flow of information. Processes, institutions and information are directly made accessible to those concerned with them and enough information is provided to understand and monitor them.  [24]   (10) Fairness There must prevail a sense of fairness emanating from the decisions of the governing body. The members of the society should feel as equal participants in the society. All persons should be regarded as equals, and certain rights which are considered inalienable to humans must be respected. Discrimination of any kind such as race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, etc. must not be condoned. Equal opportunity must be given to everyone to improve or maintain their well being. At the same time, certain protected sections of the society must be given special attention if there exists a need for the government to help alleviate their economic, social or political standing. CHAPTER 3 Good Governance in the Indian Context Life of the law is not logic, but experience.  [25]   2.1 Good Governance: Recent Initiatives The pre dominant theme in contemporary debate over administrative reforms in India has been the target of achieving objectives under a regime of good governance. This implies a broader outlook towards management of such matters without exclusively restricting it to public administration. It is suggested that this idea stems from the concept of liberalization which places the individual over collective preferences, and the State shrinks to give place to the market that demands economic efficiency.  [26]   The contemporary efforts towards administrative reforms are not directed against an autonomous State, but instead a bureaucracy that is coming to grips with the changing role of the State. The bureaucracy is itself under an attack; on account of its inefficiency and also because of its association with a political system which has failed to perform, a system which deprived the citizens of their legitimate rights in decision making for far too long.  [27]  Another striking feature of these reforms is their tendency to be more ideologically oriented than before. This context must therefore be kept in mind while debating over the reform initiatives in recent times. The change in the context is primarily seen as an induced effect of the demand generated by the peoples struggle to make the government accountable. It is a change spearheaded by the efforts of the people. It is not a deliberate attempt by a benevolent government to come clean. Kuldeep Mathur makes an interesting observation that the government while reacting to this demand raised by the people has in fact met with resistance from within its own members.  [28]   The Conference of Chief Secretaries on effective and responsive administration in November 1996 gave birth to certain recommendations which were later converted into an Action Plan by the Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances, which also included brainstorming by the Prime Minister, Cabinet Secretary, Chief Ministers and the Chief Secretaries. The Action Plan intends to introduce accountable administration which is effective and speedy in redressing public grievances, empowerment of local bodies, decentralized delivery system, review of laws, transparency and the right to information, code of ethics for civil servants, anti-corruption policies, etc. The central idea behind the action plan seems to be efficiency.  [29]   The Central Government had setup the Working Group on Right to Information and Promotion of Open and Transparent Government in 1997, which observed democracy means choice and a sound and informed choice is possible only on the basis of knowledge. It went on to argue that transparency and openness in the functioning of the government shall have a cleansing effect on the operations of public agencies and approvingly quoted the saying that sunlight is the best disinfectant.  [30]   In May 1997, at the Conference of Chief Ministers, transparency in the government was discussed and a statement issues which provided for an Action Plan for Effective and Responsive government at the Central and State levels, while conceding that the secrecy and lack of openness in transactions had led to widespread corruption. The statement attracted much praise also because it set upon the government 3 months time to ensure easy access to information for the people vis-à  -vis information relating to government activities and decisions, except information which was sensitive in nature. Soon thereafter, political events took over and no progress was made for nearly a decade, much over the 3 month deadline that had been set.  [31]   While the Right to Information Act was introduced in 2005, continuous efforts are underway to introduce more accountability and transparency in the system. While most of the principles of good governance are found in the Indian legal framework in the form of constitutionally guaranteed safeguards, the governance needs to involve the civil society more actively in the decision making and establish the norms of redressal. The lack of transparency, prevalence of corruption, inefficient working and lack of responsiveness continue to be the grey areas. 2.2 Conclusion As a developing country emerging as an economic superpower, India needs to get its act right. Without certain optimum standards of efficiency, the principles of good governance cannot be attained. The peoples movement demanding good governance in India co-relates to the growing unrest in the civil society frustrated with the inefficiency and the opaqueness in the system. The only solution was to re-invent the government, and thus started a chain of events which included the passing of the Right to Information Act as recently as 2005. With the Indian economys growth story making headlines, the country has awakened to the need of the hour on its path to development. The insistence of international institutions like the World Bank that developing countries comply with the principles of good governance has only worked to Indias advantage. While some progress has been made, a lot more still needs to be done. Imbibing the principles of good governance shall ensure that India continues to march towards development, while effectively managing its resources and providing the socio-politico-economic rights that the citizens of this country are entitled to. However, just how effective this approach proves to be shall be determined by the response of the civil society which started this reform movement. CHAPTER 3 CONCLUSION The study of governance opens up new avenues it enables us to wander into intellectual space where we can search for solutions to the problems that have haunted us for far too long. The primary objective of governance is to discuss the role of the government in coping with the public issues and to tackle the myriad predicaments and difficulties that arise from these transactions. It teaches us that means must not be the ends, and both the means and the ends must be duly understood. The study of governance also enables us to effectively factor in the role that must be played by the other players in the arena of governance the role that must be played by the civil society groups and institutions. Governance is an exercise of economic, political and administrative authority for efficiently managing a countrys affairs, at both micro and macro levels, which includes the mechanisms, processes and institutions through which the citizens and civil society groups are able to communicate their interests, make use of their constitutional and legal rights besides meeting their obligations and mediating their differences.  [32]  It is not only desirable, but imperative that governance for development be accountable, participatory, responsive, effective and efficient for promoting the rule of law, safeguarding the interests of citizens and marching towards a holistic development. The principles of good governance are a set of principles which have gained popularity in an almost dogmatic sense. The universal applicability and acceptance of these principles have seen their application reach a new height and there is now a global pressure to conform to these common minimum standards of governance. These principles envisage a model of governance on which the developing countries, which are fast realizing the link between development and efficient governance, seek to fashion their governance on. The driving force behind this changing scenario have been the international institutions pressing for compliance, and the rising peoples movements demanding their legitimate rights to competent governance in an accountable manner. There is a growing sentiment that the convergence over these principles will result in the governments rising above the challenges before them. At the same time, there is caution in the wind. These principles must not be followed as diktats. Their application must be tailored to the specific needs of governance, sensitizing them to the local conditions. This is on account of the socio-politico-economic values that are affected by these principles. Their introduction as a localized experience prevents the alienation of the very people who must reap benefits. Practicing these principles of good and just governance results in a free and open society where people can pursue their hopes and dreams in a healthy and conducive environment. Moreover, robust and open economies would follow which can be trusted by the investors and financial institutions alike, and development shall flourish. It is a matter of strengthening what our Constitution endeavored to provide us. Respecting the human rights; a fruitful partnership between the government and the civil society; efficiency, accountability and transparency in the machinery; performance orientation with strategic vision; useful use of the human resource base and a strong and independent judiciary together they shall prove to be the desired shot in the arm for a re-invented and rejuvenated system of governance. The governance needs to be carried out in a manner that invokes trust and confidence, a manner which convinces the citizens the countrys biggest resources to come forward and fully par ticipate in an enterprise to secure the objectives of development and progress. In the light of what has been discussed above, with special focus on the realization to introduce changed governance practices and the increased restlessness amongst the people in India, it is almost as if a new governance philosophy has emerged. Unlike the traditional public administration systems that focused on bureaucracy and the delivery of public services, the governance model envisages public managers as entrepreneurs of a new, leaner and increasingly privatized government adapting to the practices and values of private businesses.  [33]  The mantra to be followed by the new governance model would be to transform civil services, underlining the reforms as means to (a) reorganize and downsize the government, (b) set-up a performance based organization, (c) adopt private sector management practices and (d) promote customer-orientation of administration.  [34]   For the developing world which is in the grip of serious debt crisis, the World Banks good governance solution with its accompanying micro and macro-accountability formula hold much promise. Institutional capacity building has been the central point of discussion and promotion of sound development management by removing, as far as possible, the possibilities of capture of benefits by the socially powerful is underway.  [35]   There is today an increasing pressure on our political system and the administrative apparatus generated by civil society organizations to share information and make the process of decision-making transparent. There is a shift towards responsive governance. This can be made practically feasible only if the mindset of the politicians and the bureaucrats undergoes a change, and they are receptive to the initiative of sharing information as well as power with the people.  [36]  

Napster vs. Music :: essays research papers

Napster is an online trading program that allows users to look into another persons hard-drive in order to trade music. â€Å"Napster and similar software provides users with a method of searching thousands of other users computers to share thousands of high quality music, music that is stored in the compressed .mp3 format.†(Internet). Music of the popular artist is traded through the Internet at no cost. In other words instead of having to pay market price for music users of Napster receive the music for free. Napster has caused major controversy throughout the music industry. â€Å" The recording Industry association of America is suing Napster, claiming it allows users to make illegal copies of the copyrighted songs. It is seeking an injunction against the service and damages for lost revenue from thousands of songs it says were pirated through tapsters program (Internet). So one must look at the question, are programs like Napster illegal or does the program actually hav e some validity. There are several people against the use of programs like Napster. The band Metallica filed the first federal suit against Napster. The band is suing the company for copyright infringement and racketeering. Lars Ulrich, the band drummer says; †Napster hijacked our music without asking. They never sought out permission. Out catalog of music simply became available as free downloads on the Napster system†(Internet). Metallica is suing Napster and has accused Napster of copyright infringement and racketeering. The Metallica bands as well as other groups believe that Napster has cost them much money. They do not believe it is fair that people can go in and download their music for free instead of having to pay for it. The drummer suggested that the music traders were cowards using high technology for low-down theft (Metallica). In this day and age on has to consider the money issues. These issues are what make Napster bad. Napster has been accused of illegal acts because it d oes provide copyrighted music. According to a CNN article† internet music debates plays our on capital hill† The growth of online music services and utilities such as Napster has caused alarm among many record labels and artist, who care that the site are places for music piracy that deprives them of earrings and royalties. Metallica drummer Eulrich said† every time a Napster enthusiast downloads a song, it takes money from our pockets of all these members of the creative community.

Tactical Games Model: A Practical Approach To Skill Development Essay

The Tactical Games Model is a form of instruction in Physical Education courses that the teacher uses to incorporate sport related activities and small games into their lesson plan to improve students' experiences in sports games and tactical awareness provided from them. The purpose of having the Tactical Games Model in physical education courses are to help students learn the basics of a sports game, like soccer or basketball, and let them figure out, through experience, the ways to improve themselves in a setting where their actions will be critical to their teams victory, as well as help learn what their strengths and weaknesses are themselves and self-improve afterwards. Throughout sport, any game comes down to tactical strategy that two competitive teams have to use to gain the advantage over their opponents to win their game. The basic foundation to any game is the tactics one uses to gain advantage over competitors, and students will be able to learn a lot about themselves, and their peers, when using these tactics to work for eachother, and themselves, throughout a match. A great game to use as an example on how tactical games models should be used to benefit your students is soccer. The general set-up that a physical education teacher should use is: 1. Game One 2. Questions & Answers - (Students and yourself) 3. Situated Practice - Ex. 3v3 possession drills 4. Game 2 This plan helps students realize self-awareness in soccer that could help improve themselves as well as help benefit the team all together. Game one introduces the students to the rules of the game, and the foundation of how the game is played, like you use your feet to kick the ball, you pass between eachother to kick the ball into the net to score... ...ment, challenge, self-expression and social interaction. These values can only benefit the students, whom have the open-mind to use these experiences to influen Works Cited "15 Standards of Specialized Knowledge." Adapted Physical Education National Standards. N.p., 2008. Web. 22 Mar. 2014. . Logan, Gene A. Adapted Physical Education. Dubuque, IA: W.C. Brown, 1971. Print. Masters, Lowell F., Allen A. Mori, and Ernest K. Lange. Adapted Physical Education: A Practitioner's Guide. Rockville, MD: Aspen Systems, 1983. Print. NCLDA. "What Is IDEA?" National Center for Learning Disabilities. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Mar. 2014.. "PE Central: Adapted Physical Education." PE Central. N.p., 2014. Web. 22 Mar. 2014. .

The History of Math Essay -- Mathematics Education Logic Numbers Essay

The History of Math Mathematics, study of relationships among quantities, magnitudes, and properties and of logical operations by which unknown quantities, magnitudes, and properties may be deduced. In the past, mathematics was regarded as the science of quantity, whether of magnitudes, as in geometry, or of numbers, as in arithmetic, or of the generalization of these two fields, as in algebra. Toward the middle of the 19th century, however, mathematics came to be regarded increasingly as the science of relations, or as the science that draws necessary conclusions. This latter view encompasses mathematical or symbolic logic, the science of using symbols to provide an exact theory of logical deduction and inference based on definitions, axioms, postulates, and rules for combining and transforming primitive elements into more complex relations and theorems. This brief survey of the history of mathematics traces the evolution of mathematical ideas and concepts, beginning in prehistory. Indeed, mathematics is nearly as old as humanity itself; evidence of a sense of geometry and interest in geometric pattern has been found in the designs of prehistoric pottery and textiles and in cave paintings. Primitive counting systems were almost certainly based on using the fingers of one or both hands, as evidenced by the predominance of the numbers 5 and 10 as the bases for most number systems today. Ancient Mathematics The earliest records of advanced, organized mathematics date back to the ancient Mesopotamian country of Babylonia and to Egypt of the 3rd millennium BC. There mathematics was dominated by arithmetic, with an emphasis on measurement and calculation in geometry and with no trace of later mathematical concepts such as axioms or proofs. The earliest Egyptian texts, composed about 1800 BC, reveal a decimal numeration system with separate symbols for the successive powers of 10 (1, 10, 100, and so forth), just as in the system used by the Romans. Numbers were represented by writing do wn the symbol for 1, 10, 100, and so on as many times as the unit was in a given number. For example, the symbol for 1 was written five times to represent the number 5, the symbol for 10 was written six times to represent the number 60, and the symbol for 100 was written three times to represent the number 300. Together, these symbols represented the number 365. Addition was d... ...eat impetus to areas of mathematics such as numerical analysis and finite mathematics. It has suggested new areas for mathematical investigation, such as the study of algorithms. It has also become a powerful tool in areas as diverse as number theory, differential equations, and abstract algebra. In addition, the computer has made possible the solution of several long-standing problems in mathematics, such as the four-color problem first proposed in the mid-19th century. The theorem stated that four colors are sufficient to color any map, given that any two countries with a contiguous boundary require different colors. The theorem was finally proved in 1976 by means of a large-scale computer at the University of Illinois. Mathematical knowledge in the modern world is advancing at a faster rate than ever before. Theories that were once separate have been incorporated into theories that are both more comprehensive and more abstract. Although many important problems have been solved , other hardy perennials, such as the Riemann hypothesis, remain, and new and equally challenging problems arise. Even the most abstract mathematics seems to be finding applications. Word Count: 4793

Development across the lifespan

Growing old is another phase of our lives that is often perceived negatively and with apprehension. American society values youth and vitality and strength which to the elderly have become diminished and with it the sense of self-esteem and importance (Berger, 2001). Everyone dreads becoming old, especially if it is equated with sickness, memory loss and helplessness. To ease the anxiety of becoming one of the elderly, it is important that one is aware of the possible changes that would happen as you age.Knowledge of the changes that you will experience as the natural course of ageing will help you better deal with it and probably actively take an active role in growing old gracefully. At present much has been discovered about the developmental challenges of the elderly but this was not the case in the early years of developmental psychology. Developmentally speaking, old age was not given the attention it deserved in the past. Psychologists were more concerned with the development o f human beings from birth to adulthood (Shaffer, 1999).It was assumed by many that old age is a period wherein the physical strength and will decrease, mental functioning will become slower and ultimately will affect one’s psychological well-being. However, it was also evident that the ability at which an individual can age gracefully depends on the quality of his/her younger life. But for those who are past their prime and whose youth have been less than ideal, it is not too late to change how we perceive becoming old.As we age, it is normal for our body to change and lose its strength and vitality and healthy bodily functioning (Petersen, 1996). This is brought about by the daily wear and tear that our bodies have been subjected to and just like any other antique piece of furniture it becomes frail and needs extra care and attention. For females, menopause can signal old age and for some it is the most difficult stage in ones life. Males usually have to contend with lost vi gor and physical strength.Coupled with this is the onset of several illnesses and physical discomforts like arthritis, high blood pressure, elevated cholesterol levels, diabetes and the more common failing eyesight, hearing loss and diminished taste buds. Likewise, endurance and physical strength continue to decrease and chores like mowing the lawn, gardening, cleaning the house, going to the grocery and other strenuous activities have to be sacrificed simply because your body cannot take it anymore.This does not mean that you should altogether stop doing any physical activity, exercise is still important as it keeps your body functioning well, the key is moderation. The elderly also tend to have sensitive digestive systems and some diseases require special diets, thus the elderly need to monitor their food intake and dealing with food restrictions can be frustrating for some. Others experience bowel difficulties, problems with digestion and metabolism disorders. As you age, the wor st physical change you could face is the lost of control over your bladder and bowels.It is almost frightening to think of but this is a reality that many of us experience when we get to a certain age. How we deal with these changes depends on our resiliency and attitude. If we anticipate these changes, then we become more prepared for it and accepting it as a natural course of ageing will help us effectively adjust in this stage. With old age, one’s mental ability also suffers, forgetfulness is common, attention span becomes shorter, concentration is limited and problem solving ability wanes (Berger, 2001).However, recent research shows that mental functioning is physiologically based on our brain cells and mental activities like reading, writing, solving puzzles and artwork can keep our brain cells healthy and then stave off the deterioration of our mental functioning. Because the elderly often feel tired after doing some activity they do not have the energy to pursue menta l activities like reading and crossword puzzles. Moreover, most of the elderly face the television set day in and day out which does not help our brain cells at all.Mental ability can also be enhanced with social interaction and discourse, which means that the elderly need someone that they can relate with on a regular basis so as to keep their brains from withering. Brain cells can also benefit from vitamins and minerals that would keep the brain healthy however, one should be cautious of taking supplements because it also inadvertently affects the kidney and liver. One of the most common illnesses of the elderly that affects mental functioning is Alzheimer’s disease; it is both a painful and difficult condition that puts a strain in their family and their lives.There is no way of telling that one will not become afflicted with Alzheimer’s but to make a conscious effort to keep our mental ability working will keep it from deteriorating. Old age can also significantly affect psychological well-being. In this culture being old is frowned upon and is not treated with the respect and deference that other cultures have for their elders (Petersen, 1996). Being old is synonymous with helplessness, dumbness and even craziness for some; the elderly is often emotionally abused or bullied by others through name calling and ignoring their opinions and ideas.For those who are better off economically can afford to pay someone to take care of them and then spend time by themselves or with a support group. But just the same, they have to deal with diminished self-esteem, self-worth, loneliness and the inability to have control over their lives. The quality of life of the elderly can be improved by adopting a positive attitude about being old, accepting that all people grow old and if one is old, then that means that one is still alive.The quality of relationships of the elderly could either suffer or become better as one ages, some people find it difficult to r elate to the elderly while strained relationships are often resolved when a persons ages due to the realization that family and relationships are more important. In the past, old age have been associated with wisdom as it is something that comes with age and this is what our young people should appreciate and what yourselves should claim to have. Erik Erikson (Murray, 1990) says old age is associated with the crisis of wisdom versus despair.That is, if one has lived a full life and then gains wisdom in old age, while those who have failed to accomplish something in their life suffer from despair or regretting not being able to do what they wanted to do in their lives. Being old is not such a bad thing, one gets special attention in one’s family, one gets to indulge their grandchildren, one does not have to discipline children, one gets away with mistakes and blunders, one can laugh at one’s self and finally, one can do the things that younger, more rational and self-co nscious adults would not dare to do like shimmy while waiting in line.